Multiple choice Questions and answers 2026 exam for PSY 180 General Psychology Murray
State University
The universal psychological toolkit .
a. has not evolved over time and consists of skills that were present from the beginning of time
b. is a set of basic skills and aptitudes that can be used to meet human needs
c. refers to the blank slate that people come into the world with that allow for adaptability and
survivability
d. is a set of skills that are shared amongst human and animal cultures
1. In the context of culture and race, which of the following statements is true?
a.Intelligence is determined by a person’s race.
b. Many psychologists believe that race is a social construction.
c. People of different cultures have similar definitions of race.
d. Race and culture are interchangeable terms.
2. One of the most important thinking abilities that humans have unlike other animals is the ability to
.
a. believe that other people are intentional agents
b. maintain social networks and hierarchies
c. communicate with each other
d. invent and use tools
3. Hofstede’s dimension of has been most commonly used to both predict and explain many
differences across cultures, especially in many aspects of thinking and emotions.
a. power distance
b. uncertainty avoidance
c. masculinity vs. femininity
d. individualism vs. collectivism
4. Which of the following statements is true regarding cultural worldviews?
a. Cultural worldviews contain attitudes, beliefs, opinions, and values about the world.
b. Cultural worldviews are universal belief systems about the world.
c. A person’s cultural worldview always remains unchanged over their lifetime.
d. Having a worldview is a psychological process specific only to certain cultures.
5. Studies that examine cultural differences in mean levels of variables are called .
a. level-oriented studies
b. structural-oriented studies
c. hypothesis-level studies
d. exploratory studies
,6. Which studies use countries or cultures as the unit of analysis?
a. Ecological-level studies
b. Individual-level studies
c. Hypothesis-testing studies
d. Linkage studies
7. The degree to which measures used to collect data across cultures are equivalent—that is, whether they
have the same validity and reliability in all the cultures being compared is called .
a. sampling bias
b. method bias
c. response bias
d. measurement bias
8. In the context of procedures used to establish linguistic equivalence, which of the following is an
accurate description of back translation?
a. It involves several bilingual informants collectively translating a research protocol into a
target language.
b. It involves taking a research protocol in one language, translating it into the target language,
and having someone else translate it back to the original.
c. It is a procedure used to establish sampling equivalence.
d. It is a procedure that involves several bilingual informants debating the various forms, words,
and phrases to be used while translating a research protocol to a target language.
9. According to Poortinga (1989), which of the following is a strategy to deal with nonequivalent data?
a. Decentering the nonequivalence
b. Establishing cause–effect relationships
c. Increasing the nonequivalence in the data
d. Precluding comparison
10. Which theory includes the tenet that children are not simply passive recipients of the enculturation
and socialization processes, but they also contribute to their own development by interacting with and
influencing the people, groups, and institutions around them?
a. Psychological systems theory
b. Ecological systems theory
c. Sociological systems theory
d. Physiological systems theory
, 11. According to Mead, postfigurative cultures are described as having a level of peer influence,
whereas prefigurative cultures are described as having a level of peer influence.
a. high; low
b. medium; low
c. low; high
d. high; medium
12. In the context of cross-cultural research, .
a.parenting beliefs and practices tend to be congruent with developmental goals dictated by
culture
b. in Western industrialized societies, it is considered disrespectful for children to speak without
permission
c. despite differences in the overall goals of development, each culture has the same
understanding of the adult competencies needed for adequate functioning
d. parents are the only socializing agents for children irrespective of the culture
13. According to Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory of human development, which of the
following is an example of a macrosystem?
a. Family
b. School
c. Society
d. Peer group
14. Which of the following generally refers to the products of the socialization process—the subjective,
underlying, psychological aspects of culture that become internalized through development?
a. Enculturation
b. Adaptation
c. Emancipation
d. Extrication
15. What is a biologically based style of interacting with the world that exists from birth?
a. Aberration
b. Indisposition
c. Temperament
d. Centration
State University
The universal psychological toolkit .
a. has not evolved over time and consists of skills that were present from the beginning of time
b. is a set of basic skills and aptitudes that can be used to meet human needs
c. refers to the blank slate that people come into the world with that allow for adaptability and
survivability
d. is a set of skills that are shared amongst human and animal cultures
1. In the context of culture and race, which of the following statements is true?
a.Intelligence is determined by a person’s race.
b. Many psychologists believe that race is a social construction.
c. People of different cultures have similar definitions of race.
d. Race and culture are interchangeable terms.
2. One of the most important thinking abilities that humans have unlike other animals is the ability to
.
a. believe that other people are intentional agents
b. maintain social networks and hierarchies
c. communicate with each other
d. invent and use tools
3. Hofstede’s dimension of has been most commonly used to both predict and explain many
differences across cultures, especially in many aspects of thinking and emotions.
a. power distance
b. uncertainty avoidance
c. masculinity vs. femininity
d. individualism vs. collectivism
4. Which of the following statements is true regarding cultural worldviews?
a. Cultural worldviews contain attitudes, beliefs, opinions, and values about the world.
b. Cultural worldviews are universal belief systems about the world.
c. A person’s cultural worldview always remains unchanged over their lifetime.
d. Having a worldview is a psychological process specific only to certain cultures.
5. Studies that examine cultural differences in mean levels of variables are called .
a. level-oriented studies
b. structural-oriented studies
c. hypothesis-level studies
d. exploratory studies
,6. Which studies use countries or cultures as the unit of analysis?
a. Ecological-level studies
b. Individual-level studies
c. Hypothesis-testing studies
d. Linkage studies
7. The degree to which measures used to collect data across cultures are equivalent—that is, whether they
have the same validity and reliability in all the cultures being compared is called .
a. sampling bias
b. method bias
c. response bias
d. measurement bias
8. In the context of procedures used to establish linguistic equivalence, which of the following is an
accurate description of back translation?
a. It involves several bilingual informants collectively translating a research protocol into a
target language.
b. It involves taking a research protocol in one language, translating it into the target language,
and having someone else translate it back to the original.
c. It is a procedure used to establish sampling equivalence.
d. It is a procedure that involves several bilingual informants debating the various forms, words,
and phrases to be used while translating a research protocol to a target language.
9. According to Poortinga (1989), which of the following is a strategy to deal with nonequivalent data?
a. Decentering the nonequivalence
b. Establishing cause–effect relationships
c. Increasing the nonequivalence in the data
d. Precluding comparison
10. Which theory includes the tenet that children are not simply passive recipients of the enculturation
and socialization processes, but they also contribute to their own development by interacting with and
influencing the people, groups, and institutions around them?
a. Psychological systems theory
b. Ecological systems theory
c. Sociological systems theory
d. Physiological systems theory
, 11. According to Mead, postfigurative cultures are described as having a level of peer influence,
whereas prefigurative cultures are described as having a level of peer influence.
a. high; low
b. medium; low
c. low; high
d. high; medium
12. In the context of cross-cultural research, .
a.parenting beliefs and practices tend to be congruent with developmental goals dictated by
culture
b. in Western industrialized societies, it is considered disrespectful for children to speak without
permission
c. despite differences in the overall goals of development, each culture has the same
understanding of the adult competencies needed for adequate functioning
d. parents are the only socializing agents for children irrespective of the culture
13. According to Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory of human development, which of the
following is an example of a macrosystem?
a. Family
b. School
c. Society
d. Peer group
14. Which of the following generally refers to the products of the socialization process—the subjective,
underlying, psychological aspects of culture that become internalized through development?
a. Enculturation
b. Adaptation
c. Emancipation
d. Extrication
15. What is a biologically based style of interacting with the world that exists from birth?
a. Aberration
b. Indisposition
c. Temperament
d. Centration
