Acid Radicals CT:-
Cl-1/Br-1/I-1:-
1) AgNO3 Test(gives ppt):- Salt Solution+AgNO3 solution+excess
NH4OH→white ppt soluble in excess NH4OH for Cl- and pale yellow
ppt partially soluble in excess NH4OH for Br-
2) MnO2 Test(liberates gas):- Salt+solid MnO2+conc
H2SO4+heat→Greenish yellow gas of Cl2 is liberated and turns wet
starch iodide paper blue and Reddish brown fumes for Br-
CH3COO-:-
1) FeCl3 Test:- Salt Solution+FeCl3 solution+heat→Red ppt formed
2) Esterification:- Salt Solution+ethanol+2-3 drops of conc. H2SO4+heat in
water bath→Fruity Odour
NO3-:-
1) Cu Metal Test:- Salt+Cu turnings+conc. H2SO4+heat→Reddish Brown
Fumes and solution turns blue
2) Brown Ring Test:- Salt solution+Freshly prepared FeSO4 solution+conc.
H2SO4 from the inner sides of the test tubes→Brown Ring formed at the
junction of liquids.
MnO2 test and Cu Metal Test require only salt. The rest needs a salt
solution.
If solid salt is used for CT, then a gas will be evolved
Basic Radicals:-
Group 0:- OS+NaOH+heat→ammoniacal odour gas→NH4+ present
Group 1:- OS+dil. HCl→White ppt→Pb+2 present
Group 2:- OS+dil HCl+H2S→Black ppt→Pb+2 present
Group 3:- OS+solid NH4Cl(excess)+shake to dissolve+NH4OH→White ppt→Al+3
present
Group 4:- Group 3+H2S→White ppt→Zn+2 present
Group 5:- Group 3+(NH4)2CO3→White ppt→Ba+2/Sr+2/Ca+2
CT’s:-
Cl-1/Br-1/I-1:-
1) AgNO3 Test(gives ppt):- Salt Solution+AgNO3 solution+excess
NH4OH→white ppt soluble in excess NH4OH for Cl- and pale yellow
ppt partially soluble in excess NH4OH for Br-
2) MnO2 Test(liberates gas):- Salt+solid MnO2+conc
H2SO4+heat→Greenish yellow gas of Cl2 is liberated and turns wet
starch iodide paper blue and Reddish brown fumes for Br-
CH3COO-:-
1) FeCl3 Test:- Salt Solution+FeCl3 solution+heat→Red ppt formed
2) Esterification:- Salt Solution+ethanol+2-3 drops of conc. H2SO4+heat in
water bath→Fruity Odour
NO3-:-
1) Cu Metal Test:- Salt+Cu turnings+conc. H2SO4+heat→Reddish Brown
Fumes and solution turns blue
2) Brown Ring Test:- Salt solution+Freshly prepared FeSO4 solution+conc.
H2SO4 from the inner sides of the test tubes→Brown Ring formed at the
junction of liquids.
MnO2 test and Cu Metal Test require only salt. The rest needs a salt
solution.
If solid salt is used for CT, then a gas will be evolved
Basic Radicals:-
Group 0:- OS+NaOH+heat→ammoniacal odour gas→NH4+ present
Group 1:- OS+dil. HCl→White ppt→Pb+2 present
Group 2:- OS+dil HCl+H2S→Black ppt→Pb+2 present
Group 3:- OS+solid NH4Cl(excess)+shake to dissolve+NH4OH→White ppt→Al+3
present
Group 4:- Group 3+H2S→White ppt→Zn+2 present
Group 5:- Group 3+(NH4)2CO3→White ppt→Ba+2/Sr+2/Ca+2
CT’s:-
