Biomolecules
Sucrose:-
● Non-Reducing Sugar
● Gives a mixture of dextrorotatory glucose and levorotatory fructose.
● Levorotation of fructose more than glucose so mixture is levo rotating.
● Reaction is called inversion of cane sugar and the product is called
invert sugar.
● The glycosidic linkage is between C1 of glucose and C2 of fructose.
Maltose:-
● Reducing Sugar
● Formed from 2 glucose units of the same type.
● Glycosidic link between C1 and C4 carbon atoms.
Lactose:-
● Reducing Sugar
● Formed from galactose and glucose.
● Glycosidic link between C1 of galactose and C4 of glucose.
The above compounds are disaccharides.
Starch:-
● Main storage polysaccharide of plants and an important diet part in
humans.
● Polymer of 𝛼-D-glucose.
● Comprises of Amylose and Amylopectin.
● Amylose is a water soluble unit which comprises 15-20% of starch. It
is a long unbranched chain of 200-1000 𝛼-D-glucose units with C1-C4
glycosidic link.
, ● Amylopectin is a water insoluble compound which comprises 80-85%
of starch. It is a branched chain of 𝛼-D-glucose with C1-C4 glycosidic
link in the chain and branching happening with C1-C6 carbon.
Cellulose:-
● Found exclusively in plants.
● Straight chain polymer of -D-glucose with C1-C4 glycosidic link.
Glycogen:-
● Found in the animal body and in brains, muscles and tissues.
● Structure is similar to Amylopectin but more branched.
Amino Acids:-
● Contain amino(-NH2) and carboxyl(-COOH) groups.
● White, crystalline solids.
● Soluble in water.
● High MP and BP
● -COOH can lose a proton and -NH2 can accept a proton in aq.
Solution forming a Zwitter ion. They show amphoteric behavior in
Zwitter ionic form.
● Optically active with ‘L’ configuration except GLYCINE.
Peptides:-
● Formed by the reaction between the carboxyl group of one amino
acid and the amino group of the same or different amino acid.
● The linkage formed is called Peptide Link.
● Neutral, if there are equal numbers of amino and carboxyl groups.
● Acidic, if more carboxyl groups.
● Basic, if more number of amino groups.
Sucrose:-
● Non-Reducing Sugar
● Gives a mixture of dextrorotatory glucose and levorotatory fructose.
● Levorotation of fructose more than glucose so mixture is levo rotating.
● Reaction is called inversion of cane sugar and the product is called
invert sugar.
● The glycosidic linkage is between C1 of glucose and C2 of fructose.
Maltose:-
● Reducing Sugar
● Formed from 2 glucose units of the same type.
● Glycosidic link between C1 and C4 carbon atoms.
Lactose:-
● Reducing Sugar
● Formed from galactose and glucose.
● Glycosidic link between C1 of galactose and C4 of glucose.
The above compounds are disaccharides.
Starch:-
● Main storage polysaccharide of plants and an important diet part in
humans.
● Polymer of 𝛼-D-glucose.
● Comprises of Amylose and Amylopectin.
● Amylose is a water soluble unit which comprises 15-20% of starch. It
is a long unbranched chain of 200-1000 𝛼-D-glucose units with C1-C4
glycosidic link.
, ● Amylopectin is a water insoluble compound which comprises 80-85%
of starch. It is a branched chain of 𝛼-D-glucose with C1-C4 glycosidic
link in the chain and branching happening with C1-C6 carbon.
Cellulose:-
● Found exclusively in plants.
● Straight chain polymer of -D-glucose with C1-C4 glycosidic link.
Glycogen:-
● Found in the animal body and in brains, muscles and tissues.
● Structure is similar to Amylopectin but more branched.
Amino Acids:-
● Contain amino(-NH2) and carboxyl(-COOH) groups.
● White, crystalline solids.
● Soluble in water.
● High MP and BP
● -COOH can lose a proton and -NH2 can accept a proton in aq.
Solution forming a Zwitter ion. They show amphoteric behavior in
Zwitter ionic form.
● Optically active with ‘L’ configuration except GLYCINE.
Peptides:-
● Formed by the reaction between the carboxyl group of one amino
acid and the amino group of the same or different amino acid.
● The linkage formed is called Peptide Link.
● Neutral, if there are equal numbers of amino and carboxyl groups.
● Acidic, if more carboxyl groups.
● Basic, if more number of amino groups.
