ATI CMS REVIEW - COMMUNITY
NIGHTINGALE'S THEORY OF ENVIRONMENT impact of a person's environment on their health
focus is on preventive care
Examples
washing hands/hand hygiene
clean environment
HEALTH BELIEF MODEL purpose is to predict/explain health behaviors
assumes that primary motivation in taking positive health actions is to avoid
getting a disease
emphasizes change at the individual level
HEALTH BELIEF MODEL - LIKELIHOOD OF TAKING modifying variables
ACTION IS BASED ON... - age
- gender
- race
- economy
- education
perceived severity/susceptibility of getting disease
perceived benefits vs. barriers
cues to action
- doctor's advice
- media campaigns
MILIO'S FRAMEWORK FOR PREVENTION complements the health belief model
emphasizes change at the community level
identifies relationship between health deficits and availability of health-promoting
resources
theorizes that behavior changes within a large number of people can ultimately
lead to social change
PENDER'S HEALTH PROMOTION MODEL similar to health belief model
DOES NOT consider health risk as a factor that provokes change; suggests
that threat is not a motivator
examines factors that affect/influence individual actions to promote and protect
health
PENDER'S HEALTH PROMOTION MODEL - FACTORS Personal factors (biological, psychological, sociocultural) behaviors, abilities,
THAT AFFECT INDIVIDUAL ACTIONS self-efficacy
Feelings, benefits, barriers, and characteristics associated with the action
Attitudes of others, and competing demands and preferences
SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH economic stability
neighborhood/physical environment
education
food
community/social context
health care system
, ATI CMS REVIEW - COMMUNITY
SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH - ECONOMIC employment
STABILITY
income
expenses
debt
medical bills
support
SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH - housing
NEIGHBORHOOD AND PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
transportation
safety
parks/playgrounds
walkability
SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH - EDUCATION literacy
language
early childhood education
vocational training
higher education
SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH - FOOD hunger
access to healthy option
SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH - COMMUNITY social integration
AND SOCIAL CONTEXT
support systems
community engagement
discrimination
SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH - HEALTH health coverage
CARE SYSTEM
provider availability
provider linguistic & cultural competency
quality of care
WHO IS THE "CLIENT" IN COMMUNITY HEALTH Community or Population
NURSING?
COMMUNITY-BASED NURSING focused on ILLNESS care (acute and chronic conditions) for individuals and
families
Examples
- home health nurse performing wound care
- school nurse administering epi-pen
COMMUNITY-ORIENTED NURSING focused on improving the collective health of the community
Examples
- health education/promotion
- disease prevention activities
- NO ILLNESS CARE
community-oriented nursing = public health nursing
, ATI CMS REVIEW - COMMUNITY
COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING delivers health care services to individuals, families, and groups
includes community-based nursing and community-oriented nursing
PUBLIC HEALTH NURSING disease prevention and health promotion of communities and populations
DO NOT provide direct care to individuals
public health nursing = community-oriented nursing
FOUR ETHICAL PRINCIPLES IN COMMUNITY respect for autonomy
HEALTH NURSING
non-maleficence
beneficence
distributive justice
RESPECT FOR AUTONOMY respect a patient's right to self-determination
NONMALEFICENCE do no harm
BENEFICENCE do what is best
maximize benefits
DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE fair allocation of resources in community
EPIDEMIOLOGY study of spread/transmission/incidence of disease and/or injury
COMPONENTS OF EPIDEMIOLOGY TRIANGLE Agent
what is causing the disease
Host
human/animal being affected by the disease
Environment
physical environment (water/food supply, geography)
social environment (access to health care, work conditions, poverty)
INCIDENCE number of NEW cases of disease/injury in a population during a specified period
of time
PREVALENCE number of ALL cases (new and pre-existing) of disease/injury in a population
during a specified period of time
COMMUNITY HEALTH EDUCATION - OBSTACLES age
culture
illiteracy
language barriers
lack of access
lack of motivation
NIGHTINGALE'S THEORY OF ENVIRONMENT impact of a person's environment on their health
focus is on preventive care
Examples
washing hands/hand hygiene
clean environment
HEALTH BELIEF MODEL purpose is to predict/explain health behaviors
assumes that primary motivation in taking positive health actions is to avoid
getting a disease
emphasizes change at the individual level
HEALTH BELIEF MODEL - LIKELIHOOD OF TAKING modifying variables
ACTION IS BASED ON... - age
- gender
- race
- economy
- education
perceived severity/susceptibility of getting disease
perceived benefits vs. barriers
cues to action
- doctor's advice
- media campaigns
MILIO'S FRAMEWORK FOR PREVENTION complements the health belief model
emphasizes change at the community level
identifies relationship between health deficits and availability of health-promoting
resources
theorizes that behavior changes within a large number of people can ultimately
lead to social change
PENDER'S HEALTH PROMOTION MODEL similar to health belief model
DOES NOT consider health risk as a factor that provokes change; suggests
that threat is not a motivator
examines factors that affect/influence individual actions to promote and protect
health
PENDER'S HEALTH PROMOTION MODEL - FACTORS Personal factors (biological, psychological, sociocultural) behaviors, abilities,
THAT AFFECT INDIVIDUAL ACTIONS self-efficacy
Feelings, benefits, barriers, and characteristics associated with the action
Attitudes of others, and competing demands and preferences
SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH economic stability
neighborhood/physical environment
education
food
community/social context
health care system
, ATI CMS REVIEW - COMMUNITY
SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH - ECONOMIC employment
STABILITY
income
expenses
debt
medical bills
support
SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH - housing
NEIGHBORHOOD AND PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
transportation
safety
parks/playgrounds
walkability
SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH - EDUCATION literacy
language
early childhood education
vocational training
higher education
SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH - FOOD hunger
access to healthy option
SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH - COMMUNITY social integration
AND SOCIAL CONTEXT
support systems
community engagement
discrimination
SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH - HEALTH health coverage
CARE SYSTEM
provider availability
provider linguistic & cultural competency
quality of care
WHO IS THE "CLIENT" IN COMMUNITY HEALTH Community or Population
NURSING?
COMMUNITY-BASED NURSING focused on ILLNESS care (acute and chronic conditions) for individuals and
families
Examples
- home health nurse performing wound care
- school nurse administering epi-pen
COMMUNITY-ORIENTED NURSING focused on improving the collective health of the community
Examples
- health education/promotion
- disease prevention activities
- NO ILLNESS CARE
community-oriented nursing = public health nursing
, ATI CMS REVIEW - COMMUNITY
COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING delivers health care services to individuals, families, and groups
includes community-based nursing and community-oriented nursing
PUBLIC HEALTH NURSING disease prevention and health promotion of communities and populations
DO NOT provide direct care to individuals
public health nursing = community-oriented nursing
FOUR ETHICAL PRINCIPLES IN COMMUNITY respect for autonomy
HEALTH NURSING
non-maleficence
beneficence
distributive justice
RESPECT FOR AUTONOMY respect a patient's right to self-determination
NONMALEFICENCE do no harm
BENEFICENCE do what is best
maximize benefits
DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE fair allocation of resources in community
EPIDEMIOLOGY study of spread/transmission/incidence of disease and/or injury
COMPONENTS OF EPIDEMIOLOGY TRIANGLE Agent
what is causing the disease
Host
human/animal being affected by the disease
Environment
physical environment (water/food supply, geography)
social environment (access to health care, work conditions, poverty)
INCIDENCE number of NEW cases of disease/injury in a population during a specified period
of time
PREVALENCE number of ALL cases (new and pre-existing) of disease/injury in a population
during a specified period of time
COMMUNITY HEALTH EDUCATION - OBSTACLES age
culture
illiteracy
language barriers
lack of access
lack of motivation
