NUR 198 STUDY EXAMS GUIDE QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS SET A+
✔✔What is 'people-first' language in nursing? - ✔✔A communication approach that
emphasizes the person first, not their disability.
✔✔How do aging effects impact individuals with disabilities? - ✔✔Aging may accelerate
effects of disability, impair self-care abilities, and lead to family support and role
changes.
✔✔What is the role of nursing in fluid and electrolyte balance? - ✔✔To anticipate,
identify, and respond to possible imbalances.
✔✔What percentage of a typical adult's body is fluid? - ✔✔Approximately 60%.
✔✔What are the two main types of body fluids? - ✔✔Intracellular fluid (2/3 of body fluid)
and extracellular fluid (includes intravascular, interstitial, and transcellular fluids).
✔✔What are major cations in the body? - ✔✔Sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium,
and hydrogen ions.
✔✔What are major anions in the body? - ✔✔Chloride, bicarbonate, phosphate, sulfate,
and proteinate ions.
✔✔What is hydrostatic pressure? - ✔✔The pressure exerted on the walls of blood
vessels.
✔✔What is osmotic pressure? - ✔✔The pressure exerted by proteins in plasma.
✔✔What is the function of the sodium-potassium pump? - ✔✔To maintain higher
concentrations of sodium in extracellular fluid and potassium in intracellular fluid.
, ✔✔What is fluid volume deficit (FVD)? - ✔✔A condition where loss of extracellular fluid
exceeds intake, leading to dehydration and electrolyte changes.
✔✔What are common causes of fluid volume deficit? - ✔✔Abnormal fluid losses
(vomiting, diarrhea), decreased intake, and third-space fluid shifts.
✔✔What are symptoms of fluid volume deficit? - ✔✔Increased thirst, confusion,
tachycardia, oliguria, low blood pressure, lethargy, and poor skin turgor.
✔✔What is fluid volume excess (hypervolemia)? - ✔✔A condition characterized by
edema, JVD, bounding pulse, increased BP, increased HR, and dyspnea.
✔✔What are common causes of fluid volume excess? - ✔✔Fluid overload, heart failure,
kidney injury, and excessive sodium intake.
✔✔What is the significance of measuring intake and output (I&O)? - ✔✔To monitor fluid
balance, with specific measurements for oral fluids, IV fluids, and all liquid excretions.
✔✔How do you convert fluid measurements? - ✔✔30 mL = 1 oz, 8 oz = 1 cup, 1 cup =
240 mL, 1 tsp = 5 mL.
✔✔What is the impact of aging on fluid and electrolyte balance? - ✔✔Normal age-
related changes can alter responses to fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base disturbances.
✔✔What is the importance of daily weight in fluid management? - ✔✔To monitor fluid
retention or loss, as a 0.5 kg loss represents approximately 500 mL of fluid.
✔✔What is the typical weight loss or gain per day primarily due to? - ✔✔Water loss or
gain
✔✔What should be monitored in nursing management for fluid balance? - ✔✔Intake
and output (I&O) and daily weights
✔✔What are the symptoms to assess in patients with fluid imbalance? - ✔✔Lung
sounds, edema, and other symptoms
✔✔What is the purpose of promoting adherence to fluid restrictions? - ✔✔To manage
fluid balance in patients
✔✔What type of IV fluid is hypertonic? - ✔✔A solution with more salt than water,
causing cells to shrink
✔✔Give an example of a hypertonic solution. - ✔✔3% normal saline or 10% dextrose
ANSWERS SET A+
✔✔What is 'people-first' language in nursing? - ✔✔A communication approach that
emphasizes the person first, not their disability.
✔✔How do aging effects impact individuals with disabilities? - ✔✔Aging may accelerate
effects of disability, impair self-care abilities, and lead to family support and role
changes.
✔✔What is the role of nursing in fluid and electrolyte balance? - ✔✔To anticipate,
identify, and respond to possible imbalances.
✔✔What percentage of a typical adult's body is fluid? - ✔✔Approximately 60%.
✔✔What are the two main types of body fluids? - ✔✔Intracellular fluid (2/3 of body fluid)
and extracellular fluid (includes intravascular, interstitial, and transcellular fluids).
✔✔What are major cations in the body? - ✔✔Sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium,
and hydrogen ions.
✔✔What are major anions in the body? - ✔✔Chloride, bicarbonate, phosphate, sulfate,
and proteinate ions.
✔✔What is hydrostatic pressure? - ✔✔The pressure exerted on the walls of blood
vessels.
✔✔What is osmotic pressure? - ✔✔The pressure exerted by proteins in plasma.
✔✔What is the function of the sodium-potassium pump? - ✔✔To maintain higher
concentrations of sodium in extracellular fluid and potassium in intracellular fluid.
, ✔✔What is fluid volume deficit (FVD)? - ✔✔A condition where loss of extracellular fluid
exceeds intake, leading to dehydration and electrolyte changes.
✔✔What are common causes of fluid volume deficit? - ✔✔Abnormal fluid losses
(vomiting, diarrhea), decreased intake, and third-space fluid shifts.
✔✔What are symptoms of fluid volume deficit? - ✔✔Increased thirst, confusion,
tachycardia, oliguria, low blood pressure, lethargy, and poor skin turgor.
✔✔What is fluid volume excess (hypervolemia)? - ✔✔A condition characterized by
edema, JVD, bounding pulse, increased BP, increased HR, and dyspnea.
✔✔What are common causes of fluid volume excess? - ✔✔Fluid overload, heart failure,
kidney injury, and excessive sodium intake.
✔✔What is the significance of measuring intake and output (I&O)? - ✔✔To monitor fluid
balance, with specific measurements for oral fluids, IV fluids, and all liquid excretions.
✔✔How do you convert fluid measurements? - ✔✔30 mL = 1 oz, 8 oz = 1 cup, 1 cup =
240 mL, 1 tsp = 5 mL.
✔✔What is the impact of aging on fluid and electrolyte balance? - ✔✔Normal age-
related changes can alter responses to fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base disturbances.
✔✔What is the importance of daily weight in fluid management? - ✔✔To monitor fluid
retention or loss, as a 0.5 kg loss represents approximately 500 mL of fluid.
✔✔What is the typical weight loss or gain per day primarily due to? - ✔✔Water loss or
gain
✔✔What should be monitored in nursing management for fluid balance? - ✔✔Intake
and output (I&O) and daily weights
✔✔What are the symptoms to assess in patients with fluid imbalance? - ✔✔Lung
sounds, edema, and other symptoms
✔✔What is the purpose of promoting adherence to fluid restrictions? - ✔✔To manage
fluid balance in patients
✔✔What type of IV fluid is hypertonic? - ✔✔A solution with more salt than water,
causing cells to shrink
✔✔Give an example of a hypertonic solution. - ✔✔3% normal saline or 10% dextrose
