NUR 198 ACTUAL FINALS QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS SET A+
✔✔Fluid Volume Deficit Nursing Management - ✔✔Monitor I&O, daily weights, Monitor
VS and orthostatics, Fall precautions, Assess skin and mucous membranes
✔✔Fluid Volume Deficit Client Teaching - ✔✔Increase oral fluid intake, Educate on
signs of dehydration, Monitor weight and report sudden losses
✔✔Fluid Volume Excess (Hypervolemia) - ✔✔Fluid intake/retention exceeds output
✔✔Fluid Volume Excess Causes - ✔✔heart failure, renal failure, liver disease
✔✔Fluid Volume Excess Diagnostics - ✔✔↓ HCT, ↓ Na (dilutional), Chest x-ray →
pulmonary congestion, BNP elevated (if HF)
✔✔Fluid Volume Excess Clinical Manifestations - ✔✔Edema, Crackles in lungs, Weight
gain, JVD, Hypertension, Bounding pulse, SOB/dyspnea
✔✔Fluid Volume Excess Medical Management - ✔✔Diuretics (e.g., furosemide), Fluid
and sodium restriction, Treat underlying cause
✔✔Fluid Volume Excess Nursing Management - ✔✔Monitor respiratory status, Elevate
HOB, Daily weights, Monitor edema and I&O
✔✔Fluid Volume Excess Client Teaching - ✔✔Low sodium diet, Fluid restriction, Daily
weights at home, Report SOB or rapid weight gain
✔✔Hyponatremia (Na⁺ <135) - ✔✔Excess water dilutes sodium
✔✔Hyponatremia Causes - ✔✔diuretics, SIADH, GI losses
,✔✔Hyponatremia Diagnostics - ✔✔Serum sodium <135, Osmolality ↓
✔✔Hyponatremia Clinical Manifestations - ✔✔Nausea, confusion, Seizures, Muscle
cramps, Weakness
✔✔Hyponatremia Medical Management - ✔✔Fluid restriction, Hypertonic saline (3%
NaCl) if severe, Treat cause
✔✔Hyponatremia Nursing Management - ✔✔Seizure precautions, Monitor neuro status,
I&O
✔✔Hyponatremia Client Teaching - ✔✔Limit water intake, Monitor for confusion or
seizures
✔✔Hypernatremia (Na⁺ >145) - ✔✔Water loss > sodium loss
✔✔Hypernatremia Causes - ✔✔dehydration, diabetes insipidus
✔✔Hypernatremia Diagnostics - ✔✔Serum sodium >145, High osmolality
✔✔Hypernatremia Clinical Manifestations - ✔✔Thirst, Dry mouth, Restlessness,
Irritability → seizures/coma
✔✔Hypernatremia Medical Management - ✔✔Hypotonic fluids (D5W, 0.45% NS), Oral
fluids if able, Correct slowly
✔✔Hypernatremia Nursing Management - ✔✔Monitor neuro status, Monitor I&O,
Seizure precautions
✔✔Hypernatremia Client Teaching - ✔✔Encourage hydration, Avoid salty foods
✔✔Hypokalemia (K⁺ <3.5) - ✔✔Loss via GI (vomiting), renal (diuretics)
✔✔Hypokalemia Diagnostics - ✔✔Serum potassium <3.5, ECG: flat T waves, U waves
✔✔Hypokalemia Clinical Manifestations - ✔✔Muscle weakness, Constipation,
Dysrhythmias, Fatigue
✔✔Hypokalemia Medical Management - ✔✔Oral or IV potassium (never push IV!),
Address cause
✔✔Hypokalemia Nursing Management - ✔✔Cardiac monitoring, Monitor labs,
Administer potassium safely
, ✔✔Hypokalemia Client Teaching - ✔✔Potassium-rich foods: bananas, spinach,
oranges, Medication adherence
✔✔Hyperkalemia (K⁺ >5.0) - ✔✔Renal failure, acidosis, tissue injury
✔✔Hyperkalemia Diagnostics - ✔✔Serum potassium >5.0, ECG: peaked T waves
✔✔Hyperkalemia Clinical Manifestations - ✔✔Muscle cramps, Diarrhea, Bradycardia,
Arrhythmias
✔✔Hyperkalemia Medical Management - ✔✔Kayexalate, Insulin + D50, Calcium
gluconate, Dialysis if severe
✔✔Hyperkalemia Nursing Management - ✔✔Monitor ECG, Restrict potassium,
Administer meds safely
✔✔Hyperkalemia Client Teaching - ✔✔Avoid potassium-rich foods, Monitor for muscle
twitching, numbness
✔✔Hypocalcemia (Ca²⁺ <8.5) - ✔✔Hypoparathyroidism, Vitamin D deficiency
✔✔Hypocalcemia Diagnostics - ✔✔Serum calcium <8.5, Chvostek's & Trousseau's
signs
✔✔Hypocalcemia Clinical Manifestations - ✔✔Muscle spasms, Tetany, Seizures,
Numbness/tingling
✔✔Hypocalcemia Medical Management - ✔✔Calcium supplements (IV if severe),
Vitamin D
✔✔Hypocalcemia Nursing Management - ✔✔Seizure precautions, Monitor airway
(laryngospasm risk), Monitor labs
✔✔Hypocalcemia Client Teaching - ✔✔Calcium-rich diet: dairy, leafy greens, Take
supplements as ordered
✔✔Hypercalcemia (Ca²⁺ >10.5) - ✔✔Hyperparathyroidism, bone cancer
✔✔Hypercalcemia Diagnostics - ✔✔Serum calcium >10.5, ECG: shortened QT
✔✔Hypercalcemia Clinical Manifestations - ✔✔Lethargy, Weakness, Constipation,
Kidney stones
ANSWERS SET A+
✔✔Fluid Volume Deficit Nursing Management - ✔✔Monitor I&O, daily weights, Monitor
VS and orthostatics, Fall precautions, Assess skin and mucous membranes
✔✔Fluid Volume Deficit Client Teaching - ✔✔Increase oral fluid intake, Educate on
signs of dehydration, Monitor weight and report sudden losses
✔✔Fluid Volume Excess (Hypervolemia) - ✔✔Fluid intake/retention exceeds output
✔✔Fluid Volume Excess Causes - ✔✔heart failure, renal failure, liver disease
✔✔Fluid Volume Excess Diagnostics - ✔✔↓ HCT, ↓ Na (dilutional), Chest x-ray →
pulmonary congestion, BNP elevated (if HF)
✔✔Fluid Volume Excess Clinical Manifestations - ✔✔Edema, Crackles in lungs, Weight
gain, JVD, Hypertension, Bounding pulse, SOB/dyspnea
✔✔Fluid Volume Excess Medical Management - ✔✔Diuretics (e.g., furosemide), Fluid
and sodium restriction, Treat underlying cause
✔✔Fluid Volume Excess Nursing Management - ✔✔Monitor respiratory status, Elevate
HOB, Daily weights, Monitor edema and I&O
✔✔Fluid Volume Excess Client Teaching - ✔✔Low sodium diet, Fluid restriction, Daily
weights at home, Report SOB or rapid weight gain
✔✔Hyponatremia (Na⁺ <135) - ✔✔Excess water dilutes sodium
✔✔Hyponatremia Causes - ✔✔diuretics, SIADH, GI losses
,✔✔Hyponatremia Diagnostics - ✔✔Serum sodium <135, Osmolality ↓
✔✔Hyponatremia Clinical Manifestations - ✔✔Nausea, confusion, Seizures, Muscle
cramps, Weakness
✔✔Hyponatremia Medical Management - ✔✔Fluid restriction, Hypertonic saline (3%
NaCl) if severe, Treat cause
✔✔Hyponatremia Nursing Management - ✔✔Seizure precautions, Monitor neuro status,
I&O
✔✔Hyponatremia Client Teaching - ✔✔Limit water intake, Monitor for confusion or
seizures
✔✔Hypernatremia (Na⁺ >145) - ✔✔Water loss > sodium loss
✔✔Hypernatremia Causes - ✔✔dehydration, diabetes insipidus
✔✔Hypernatremia Diagnostics - ✔✔Serum sodium >145, High osmolality
✔✔Hypernatremia Clinical Manifestations - ✔✔Thirst, Dry mouth, Restlessness,
Irritability → seizures/coma
✔✔Hypernatremia Medical Management - ✔✔Hypotonic fluids (D5W, 0.45% NS), Oral
fluids if able, Correct slowly
✔✔Hypernatremia Nursing Management - ✔✔Monitor neuro status, Monitor I&O,
Seizure precautions
✔✔Hypernatremia Client Teaching - ✔✔Encourage hydration, Avoid salty foods
✔✔Hypokalemia (K⁺ <3.5) - ✔✔Loss via GI (vomiting), renal (diuretics)
✔✔Hypokalemia Diagnostics - ✔✔Serum potassium <3.5, ECG: flat T waves, U waves
✔✔Hypokalemia Clinical Manifestations - ✔✔Muscle weakness, Constipation,
Dysrhythmias, Fatigue
✔✔Hypokalemia Medical Management - ✔✔Oral or IV potassium (never push IV!),
Address cause
✔✔Hypokalemia Nursing Management - ✔✔Cardiac monitoring, Monitor labs,
Administer potassium safely
, ✔✔Hypokalemia Client Teaching - ✔✔Potassium-rich foods: bananas, spinach,
oranges, Medication adherence
✔✔Hyperkalemia (K⁺ >5.0) - ✔✔Renal failure, acidosis, tissue injury
✔✔Hyperkalemia Diagnostics - ✔✔Serum potassium >5.0, ECG: peaked T waves
✔✔Hyperkalemia Clinical Manifestations - ✔✔Muscle cramps, Diarrhea, Bradycardia,
Arrhythmias
✔✔Hyperkalemia Medical Management - ✔✔Kayexalate, Insulin + D50, Calcium
gluconate, Dialysis if severe
✔✔Hyperkalemia Nursing Management - ✔✔Monitor ECG, Restrict potassium,
Administer meds safely
✔✔Hyperkalemia Client Teaching - ✔✔Avoid potassium-rich foods, Monitor for muscle
twitching, numbness
✔✔Hypocalcemia (Ca²⁺ <8.5) - ✔✔Hypoparathyroidism, Vitamin D deficiency
✔✔Hypocalcemia Diagnostics - ✔✔Serum calcium <8.5, Chvostek's & Trousseau's
signs
✔✔Hypocalcemia Clinical Manifestations - ✔✔Muscle spasms, Tetany, Seizures,
Numbness/tingling
✔✔Hypocalcemia Medical Management - ✔✔Calcium supplements (IV if severe),
Vitamin D
✔✔Hypocalcemia Nursing Management - ✔✔Seizure precautions, Monitor airway
(laryngospasm risk), Monitor labs
✔✔Hypocalcemia Client Teaching - ✔✔Calcium-rich diet: dairy, leafy greens, Take
supplements as ordered
✔✔Hypercalcemia (Ca²⁺ >10.5) - ✔✔Hyperparathyroidism, bone cancer
✔✔Hypercalcemia Diagnostics - ✔✔Serum calcium >10.5, ECG: shortened QT
✔✔Hypercalcemia Clinical Manifestations - ✔✔Lethargy, Weakness, Constipation,
Kidney stones
