NSG 5003 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY UPDATED STUDY
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS SET A+
✔✔free radicals can cause - ✔✔1) lipid peroxidation or the destruction of unsaturated
fatty acids
2) alterations of proteins
3) alterations in DNA
✔✔Activation of inflammation and immunity - ✔✔occurs after cellular injury or infection
involving powerful biochemicals & proteins capable of damaging normal (uninjured &
uninfected) cells
✔✔Genetic disorders injure cells by - ✔✔altering the nucleus and the plasma
membrane's structure, shape, receptors, or transport mechanisms.
✔✔Deprivation of essential nutrients (proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and vitamins) can
cause - ✔✔cellular injury by altering cellular structure and function, particularly of the
transport mechanisms, chromosomes, nucleus, and DNA.
✔✔Injurious physical agents include - ✔✔temperature extremes & climate changes,
changes in atmospheric pressure, ionizing radiation, illumination, mechanical stress
(repetitive body movements) & noise
✔✔Systemic manifestations of cellular injury include - ✔✔fever, leukocytosis, increased
heart rate, pain, and serum elevations of enzymes in the plasma
✔✔T/F: A eukaryotic cell contains structures called organelles - ✔✔True
✔✔Necrosis - ✔✔tissue death
✔✔-lysis - ✔✔destruction
✔✔Apoptosis - ✔✔process of programmed cell death
, ✔✔function of histones - ✔✔help maintain the shape of the chromosome and aid in the
tight packing of DNA, and do not affect cellular division, movement, or activities.
✔✔An organelle that is responsible for the metabolism of cellular energy is referred to
as a/an - ✔✔mitochondrion
✔✔Mitochondria - ✔✔Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy)
production
✔✔Golgi complex - ✔✔Organelle that packages and distributes proteins
✔✔Nucleolus - ✔✔Makes ribosomes
✔✔Which statement best describes a desmosome? - ✔✔Desmosomes hold cells
together by continuous bands.
✔✔tight junctions - ✔✔prevent leakage of extracellular fluid across a layer of epithelial
cells & serve as barriers to diffusion
✔✔gap junctions - ✔✔(communicating junctions) provide cytoplasmic channels between
adjacent cells
✔✔zona occludens - ✔✔AKA Tight Junction. Prevents diffusion across paracellular
space. Made of CLAUDINS and OCCLUDINS.
✔✔second messenger - ✔✔a molecule that is generated when a specific substance
attaches to a receptor on the outside of a cell membrane, which produces a change in
cellular function ex. cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and calcium (Ca++)
✔✔First messengers - ✔✔Intercellular chemical messengers (hormones,
neurotransmitters, and paracrine/autocrine agents)
✔✔T/F: Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the mitochondria. - ✔✔True
✔✔Diffusion - ✔✔Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an
area of lower concentration.
✔✔Osmosis - ✔✔Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
✔✔Filtration - ✔✔A process that separates materials based on the size of their
particles.
✔✔hydrostatic pressure - ✔✔The pressure of water against the walls of its container.
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS SET A+
✔✔free radicals can cause - ✔✔1) lipid peroxidation or the destruction of unsaturated
fatty acids
2) alterations of proteins
3) alterations in DNA
✔✔Activation of inflammation and immunity - ✔✔occurs after cellular injury or infection
involving powerful biochemicals & proteins capable of damaging normal (uninjured &
uninfected) cells
✔✔Genetic disorders injure cells by - ✔✔altering the nucleus and the plasma
membrane's structure, shape, receptors, or transport mechanisms.
✔✔Deprivation of essential nutrients (proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and vitamins) can
cause - ✔✔cellular injury by altering cellular structure and function, particularly of the
transport mechanisms, chromosomes, nucleus, and DNA.
✔✔Injurious physical agents include - ✔✔temperature extremes & climate changes,
changes in atmospheric pressure, ionizing radiation, illumination, mechanical stress
(repetitive body movements) & noise
✔✔Systemic manifestations of cellular injury include - ✔✔fever, leukocytosis, increased
heart rate, pain, and serum elevations of enzymes in the plasma
✔✔T/F: A eukaryotic cell contains structures called organelles - ✔✔True
✔✔Necrosis - ✔✔tissue death
✔✔-lysis - ✔✔destruction
✔✔Apoptosis - ✔✔process of programmed cell death
, ✔✔function of histones - ✔✔help maintain the shape of the chromosome and aid in the
tight packing of DNA, and do not affect cellular division, movement, or activities.
✔✔An organelle that is responsible for the metabolism of cellular energy is referred to
as a/an - ✔✔mitochondrion
✔✔Mitochondria - ✔✔Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy)
production
✔✔Golgi complex - ✔✔Organelle that packages and distributes proteins
✔✔Nucleolus - ✔✔Makes ribosomes
✔✔Which statement best describes a desmosome? - ✔✔Desmosomes hold cells
together by continuous bands.
✔✔tight junctions - ✔✔prevent leakage of extracellular fluid across a layer of epithelial
cells & serve as barriers to diffusion
✔✔gap junctions - ✔✔(communicating junctions) provide cytoplasmic channels between
adjacent cells
✔✔zona occludens - ✔✔AKA Tight Junction. Prevents diffusion across paracellular
space. Made of CLAUDINS and OCCLUDINS.
✔✔second messenger - ✔✔a molecule that is generated when a specific substance
attaches to a receptor on the outside of a cell membrane, which produces a change in
cellular function ex. cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and calcium (Ca++)
✔✔First messengers - ✔✔Intercellular chemical messengers (hormones,
neurotransmitters, and paracrine/autocrine agents)
✔✔T/F: Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the mitochondria. - ✔✔True
✔✔Diffusion - ✔✔Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an
area of lower concentration.
✔✔Osmosis - ✔✔Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
✔✔Filtration - ✔✔A process that separates materials based on the size of their
particles.
✔✔hydrostatic pressure - ✔✔The pressure of water against the walls of its container.
