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, Goal of the Gram-Schmidt algorithm Convert a linearly independent basis {v₁, ..., v_d} into an orthonormal basis {q₁, ...,
q_d}.
Projection of vector v onto v₁ proj_{v₁}(v) = (⟨v₁, v⟩ / ⟨v₁, v₁⟩) * v₁
Component of v in direction of v₁ comp_{v₁}(v) = ⟨v₁, v⟩ / ‖v₁‖
Relation between projection and component proj_{v₁}(v) = comp_{v₁}(v) * (v₁ / ‖v₁‖)
Gram-Schmidt formula for w₁ w₁ = v₁
Gram-Schmidt formula for w₂ w₂ = v₂ − proj_{w₁}(v₂)
General Gram-Schmidt formula w_k = v_k − Σ_{j=1}^{k−1} proj_{w_j}(v_k)
Normalization step in Gram-Schmidt q_k = w_k / ‖w_k‖