HESI - Medical Surgical Nursing Test Latest 2026/2027
Questions and Correct Detailed Answers Already Graded
A+
Which intervention in a client with dehydration induced confusion is most likely
to relieve the confusion?
a. increasing the IV flow rate to 250 mL/hr
b. applying oxygen by mask or nasal cannula
c. placing the client in a high Fowler's position
d. Measuring intake and output every four hours - CORRECT ANSWER-A
Dehydration most frequently leads to poor cerebra perfusion and cerebral
hypoxia, causing confusion. Applying oxygen can reduce confusion, even if
perfusion is still less than optimum. Increasing the IV flow rate would increase
perfusion. However, depending on the degree of dehydration, rehydrating the
person too rapidly with IV fluids can lead to cerebral edema.
Which client is at greatest risk for dehydration?
a. younger adult client on bedrest
b. older adult client receiving hypotonic IV fluid
c. older adult client with cognitive impairment
,d. younger adult client receiving hypertonic IV fluid - CORRECT ANSWER-C
Older adults, because they have less total body water than younger adults, are at
greater risk for development of dehydration. Anyone who is cognitively impaired
and cannot obtain fluids independently or cannot make his or her need for fluids
known is at high risk for dehydration
A nurse is caring for several clients. Which client does the nurse assess most
carefully for hyperkalemia?
a. client with type 2 diabetes taking an oral anti-diabetic agent
b. client with heart failure using a salt substitute
c. client taking a thiazide diuretic for hypertension
d. client taking non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs daily - CORRECT
ANSWER-B
Many salt substitutes are composed of potassium chloride. Heavy use cna
contribute to the development of hyperkalemia. The client should be taught to
read labels and to choose a salt substitute that does not contain potassium.
NSAIDs promote the retention of sodium but not potassium.
,An older adult client presents with signs and symptoms related to dig toxicity.
Which age related change may have contributed to this problem?
a. decreased renal blood flow
b. increased gastrointestinal motility
c. decreased ratio of adipose tissue to lean body mass
d. increased total body water - CORRECT ANSWER-A
Decreased renal blood flow and reduced glomerular filtration can result in slower
medication excretion time, potentially leading to toxic drug accumulation. Aging
results in decreased total body water and gastrointestinal motility and an increase
in the ratio of adipose tissue to lean body mass, but is not related to dig toxicity.
When describing patient education approaches, the nurse educator would explain
that informal teaching is an approach that
a. follows formalized plans
b. has standardized content
c. often occurs one-to-one
d. addresses group needs - CORRECT ANSWER-C. Informal teaching is
individualized one on one teaching which represents the majority of patient
, education done by nurses that occurs when an intervention is explained or a
question is answered. Group needs are often the focus of formal patient
education courses or classes. Informal teaching does not necessarily follow a
specific formalized plan. It may be planned with specific content, but it is
individualized responses to patient needs. Formal teaching involves the use of a
curriculum/course plan with standardized content.
A patient expresses a strong interest in returning to their work, family, and
hobbies after having a stroke. Which theory type would the nurse use to develop
a plan of care for the best results of this patient's motivation style?
a. field
b. biological
c. cognitive
d. sociologic - CORRECT ANSWER-C. Cognitive theorists believe that attention,
relevance, confidence, and satisfaction (ARCS) are the conditions that, when
integrated, motivate someone to learn. Field theorists place significance on how
achievement, power, the need for affiliation, and avoidance motives influence
individual behavior. Sociologic theories are not involved in motivation.
The nurse is assessing a group of clients. Which clients are at greater risk for
hypothermia or frostbite? (select all that apply)
Questions and Correct Detailed Answers Already Graded
A+
Which intervention in a client with dehydration induced confusion is most likely
to relieve the confusion?
a. increasing the IV flow rate to 250 mL/hr
b. applying oxygen by mask or nasal cannula
c. placing the client in a high Fowler's position
d. Measuring intake and output every four hours - CORRECT ANSWER-A
Dehydration most frequently leads to poor cerebra perfusion and cerebral
hypoxia, causing confusion. Applying oxygen can reduce confusion, even if
perfusion is still less than optimum. Increasing the IV flow rate would increase
perfusion. However, depending on the degree of dehydration, rehydrating the
person too rapidly with IV fluids can lead to cerebral edema.
Which client is at greatest risk for dehydration?
a. younger adult client on bedrest
b. older adult client receiving hypotonic IV fluid
c. older adult client with cognitive impairment
,d. younger adult client receiving hypertonic IV fluid - CORRECT ANSWER-C
Older adults, because they have less total body water than younger adults, are at
greater risk for development of dehydration. Anyone who is cognitively impaired
and cannot obtain fluids independently or cannot make his or her need for fluids
known is at high risk for dehydration
A nurse is caring for several clients. Which client does the nurse assess most
carefully for hyperkalemia?
a. client with type 2 diabetes taking an oral anti-diabetic agent
b. client with heart failure using a salt substitute
c. client taking a thiazide diuretic for hypertension
d. client taking non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs daily - CORRECT
ANSWER-B
Many salt substitutes are composed of potassium chloride. Heavy use cna
contribute to the development of hyperkalemia. The client should be taught to
read labels and to choose a salt substitute that does not contain potassium.
NSAIDs promote the retention of sodium but not potassium.
,An older adult client presents with signs and symptoms related to dig toxicity.
Which age related change may have contributed to this problem?
a. decreased renal blood flow
b. increased gastrointestinal motility
c. decreased ratio of adipose tissue to lean body mass
d. increased total body water - CORRECT ANSWER-A
Decreased renal blood flow and reduced glomerular filtration can result in slower
medication excretion time, potentially leading to toxic drug accumulation. Aging
results in decreased total body water and gastrointestinal motility and an increase
in the ratio of adipose tissue to lean body mass, but is not related to dig toxicity.
When describing patient education approaches, the nurse educator would explain
that informal teaching is an approach that
a. follows formalized plans
b. has standardized content
c. often occurs one-to-one
d. addresses group needs - CORRECT ANSWER-C. Informal teaching is
individualized one on one teaching which represents the majority of patient
, education done by nurses that occurs when an intervention is explained or a
question is answered. Group needs are often the focus of formal patient
education courses or classes. Informal teaching does not necessarily follow a
specific formalized plan. It may be planned with specific content, but it is
individualized responses to patient needs. Formal teaching involves the use of a
curriculum/course plan with standardized content.
A patient expresses a strong interest in returning to their work, family, and
hobbies after having a stroke. Which theory type would the nurse use to develop
a plan of care for the best results of this patient's motivation style?
a. field
b. biological
c. cognitive
d. sociologic - CORRECT ANSWER-C. Cognitive theorists believe that attention,
relevance, confidence, and satisfaction (ARCS) are the conditions that, when
integrated, motivate someone to learn. Field theorists place significance on how
achievement, power, the need for affiliation, and avoidance motives influence
individual behavior. Sociologic theories are not involved in motivation.
The nurse is assessing a group of clients. Which clients are at greater risk for
hypothermia or frostbite? (select all that apply)
