SARAH MICHELLE CRASH
COURSE STUDY GUIDE
SOLUTION NEW UPDATE
1. What is the first-line treatment for uncomplicated hypertension in many
nonpregnant adults?
Answer: Thiazide-type diuretics, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, or calcium channel blockers,
depending on the patient's clinical characteristics.
2. What should never be combined routinely because of increased adverse effects
without added benefit?
Answer: An ACE inhibitor and an ARB.
3. What laboratory value is used to monitor long-term glycemic control?
Answer: Hemoglobin A1c.
4. What is a common adverse effect of ACE inhibitors?
Answer: Persistent dry cough.
5. What is the major serious adverse effect of ACE inhibitors and ARBs?
Answer: Angioedema; both can also cause hyperkalemia.
6. What medication is commonly used as first-line therapy for hypothyroidism?
Answer: Levothyroxine.
7. How should levothyroxine generally be taken?
,Answer: On an empty stomach, consistently, and separated from substances that
impair absorption.
8. What lab pattern suggests primary hypothyroidism?
Answer: High TSH with low free T4.
9. What lab pattern commonly suggests hyperthyroidism?
Answer: Low TSH with elevated free T4 and/or T3.
10. What are common symptoms of hypothyroidism?
Answer: Fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, constipation, dry skin, and
bradycardia.
11. What are common symptoms of hyperthyroidism?
Answer: Weight loss, heat intolerance, palpitations, tremor, anxiety, and diarrhea.
12. What is the most common symptom of anemia?
Answer: Fatigue.
13. What finding may indicate iron-deficiency anemia?
Answer: Low ferritin.
14. What is the major long-term concern in uncontrolled hypertension?
Answer: Target-organ damage, including stroke, myocardial infarction, heart failure,
kidney disease, and retinopathy.
15. When should patients with diabetes generally be screened for kidney disease?
Answer: Regularly according to diabetes type, duration, and current clinical
guidelines, commonly using urine albumin assessment and eGFR.
16. What are common major causes of chronic kidney disease?
Answer: Diabetes mellitus and hypertension.
, 17. What finding on urinalysis can suggest significant renal pathology?
Answer: Cellular casts, particularly RBC casts, which may suggest glomerular disease.
18. What is a common first-line medication for type 2 diabetes when appropriate?
Answer: Metformin, unless contraindicated or another therapy is preferred based on
comorbidities.
19. What is the major mechanism of metformin?
Answer: It primarily reduces hepatic glucose production and improves insulin
sensitivity.
20. What serious complication should be considered in a diabetic patient with
nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and rapid breathing?
Answer: Diabetic ketoacidosis.
21. What symptoms are commonly associated with hypoglycemia?
Answer: Sweating, tremor, palpitations, hunger, confusion, irritability, and
potentially loss of consciousness.
22. What is the priority treatment for severe hypoglycemia when the patient cannot
safely swallow?
Answer: Rapid administration of glucagon or IV dextrose, depending on the clinical
setting and available access.
23. What is the first-line treatment for anaphylaxis?
Answer: Intramuscular epinephrine.
24. What is the classic presentation of impetigo?
Answer: Honey-colored crusted lesions.
25. What is a classic presentation of Lyme disease?
COURSE STUDY GUIDE
SOLUTION NEW UPDATE
1. What is the first-line treatment for uncomplicated hypertension in many
nonpregnant adults?
Answer: Thiazide-type diuretics, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, or calcium channel blockers,
depending on the patient's clinical characteristics.
2. What should never be combined routinely because of increased adverse effects
without added benefit?
Answer: An ACE inhibitor and an ARB.
3. What laboratory value is used to monitor long-term glycemic control?
Answer: Hemoglobin A1c.
4. What is a common adverse effect of ACE inhibitors?
Answer: Persistent dry cough.
5. What is the major serious adverse effect of ACE inhibitors and ARBs?
Answer: Angioedema; both can also cause hyperkalemia.
6. What medication is commonly used as first-line therapy for hypothyroidism?
Answer: Levothyroxine.
7. How should levothyroxine generally be taken?
,Answer: On an empty stomach, consistently, and separated from substances that
impair absorption.
8. What lab pattern suggests primary hypothyroidism?
Answer: High TSH with low free T4.
9. What lab pattern commonly suggests hyperthyroidism?
Answer: Low TSH with elevated free T4 and/or T3.
10. What are common symptoms of hypothyroidism?
Answer: Fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, constipation, dry skin, and
bradycardia.
11. What are common symptoms of hyperthyroidism?
Answer: Weight loss, heat intolerance, palpitations, tremor, anxiety, and diarrhea.
12. What is the most common symptom of anemia?
Answer: Fatigue.
13. What finding may indicate iron-deficiency anemia?
Answer: Low ferritin.
14. What is the major long-term concern in uncontrolled hypertension?
Answer: Target-organ damage, including stroke, myocardial infarction, heart failure,
kidney disease, and retinopathy.
15. When should patients with diabetes generally be screened for kidney disease?
Answer: Regularly according to diabetes type, duration, and current clinical
guidelines, commonly using urine albumin assessment and eGFR.
16. What are common major causes of chronic kidney disease?
Answer: Diabetes mellitus and hypertension.
, 17. What finding on urinalysis can suggest significant renal pathology?
Answer: Cellular casts, particularly RBC casts, which may suggest glomerular disease.
18. What is a common first-line medication for type 2 diabetes when appropriate?
Answer: Metformin, unless contraindicated or another therapy is preferred based on
comorbidities.
19. What is the major mechanism of metformin?
Answer: It primarily reduces hepatic glucose production and improves insulin
sensitivity.
20. What serious complication should be considered in a diabetic patient with
nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and rapid breathing?
Answer: Diabetic ketoacidosis.
21. What symptoms are commonly associated with hypoglycemia?
Answer: Sweating, tremor, palpitations, hunger, confusion, irritability, and
potentially loss of consciousness.
22. What is the priority treatment for severe hypoglycemia when the patient cannot
safely swallow?
Answer: Rapid administration of glucagon or IV dextrose, depending on the clinical
setting and available access.
23. What is the first-line treatment for anaphylaxis?
Answer: Intramuscular epinephrine.
24. What is the classic presentation of impetigo?
Answer: Honey-colored crusted lesions.
25. What is a classic presentation of Lyme disease?
