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DHN 311 EXAM 1 2026 ACTUAL
QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED
ANSWERS.
List the major steps of the "central dogma" of molecular biology.
What are the products of each step? - ANSWER-Replication -->
DNA
Transcription --> RNA
Translation --> protein
Once the DNA strands unwind and separate, DNA polymerases
copy the DNA. What are they copying? What characteristics of
DNA necessitates the need for leading and lagging strands to
copy the DNA? - ANSWER-They are copying ____.
DNA is antiparallel so the mode of synthesis occurs in 2
different directions, hence leading and lagging strands
What are the major types of RNA generated by transcription
and what is their function? - ANSWER-tRNA: transfer RNA.
rRNA: ribosomal RNA
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mRNA: messenger RNA
for tRNA what is their function? - ANSWER-Carries the amino
acids to the ribosome to attach to the growing peptide chain to
form a protein
for rRNA what is their function? - ANSWER-the site of protein
synthesis
for mRNA what is their function? - ANSWER-translated into
sequences of amino acids (polypeptides)
RNA polymerase knows which portion of DNA to transcribe
because it travels along the ___ strand until it encounters a
____ - ANSWER-DNA
promoter site
What is a promoter? And how does the RNA polymerase
recognize the promoter region of a DNA strand? - ANSWER-
Promoter: a region of DNA that provides a secure binding site
for RNA polymerase and transcription factors
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RNA polymerase is able to recognize the promotor region
because of the transcription factors that are bound to the
promotor
What are transcription factors and how do they affect
transcription/action of the RNA polymerases? - ANSWER-
Transcription factors are proteins that bind to distinct sites on
the DNA that are within the core promotor region.
Their binding to DNA controls the transcription of genetic
information from DNA to RNA.
What are enhancers? - ANSWER-Enhancers: increase a
promoter's effectiveness.
the set of chromosomes in a cell makes up its - ANSWER-
genome
In translation, what is read to become codons? - ANSWER-
amino acids
DHN 311 EXAM 1 2026 ACTUAL
QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED
ANSWERS.
List the major steps of the "central dogma" of molecular biology.
What are the products of each step? - ANSWER-Replication -->
DNA
Transcription --> RNA
Translation --> protein
Once the DNA strands unwind and separate, DNA polymerases
copy the DNA. What are they copying? What characteristics of
DNA necessitates the need for leading and lagging strands to
copy the DNA? - ANSWER-They are copying ____.
DNA is antiparallel so the mode of synthesis occurs in 2
different directions, hence leading and lagging strands
What are the major types of RNA generated by transcription
and what is their function? - ANSWER-tRNA: transfer RNA.
rRNA: ribosomal RNA
,2 | Page
mRNA: messenger RNA
for tRNA what is their function? - ANSWER-Carries the amino
acids to the ribosome to attach to the growing peptide chain to
form a protein
for rRNA what is their function? - ANSWER-the site of protein
synthesis
for mRNA what is their function? - ANSWER-translated into
sequences of amino acids (polypeptides)
RNA polymerase knows which portion of DNA to transcribe
because it travels along the ___ strand until it encounters a
____ - ANSWER-DNA
promoter site
What is a promoter? And how does the RNA polymerase
recognize the promoter region of a DNA strand? - ANSWER-
Promoter: a region of DNA that provides a secure binding site
for RNA polymerase and transcription factors
, 3 | Page
RNA polymerase is able to recognize the promotor region
because of the transcription factors that are bound to the
promotor
What are transcription factors and how do they affect
transcription/action of the RNA polymerases? - ANSWER-
Transcription factors are proteins that bind to distinct sites on
the DNA that are within the core promotor region.
Their binding to DNA controls the transcription of genetic
information from DNA to RNA.
What are enhancers? - ANSWER-Enhancers: increase a
promoter's effectiveness.
the set of chromosomes in a cell makes up its - ANSWER-
genome
In translation, what is read to become codons? - ANSWER-
amino acids
