MGCR 352 FINAL EXAM | COMPREHENSIVE MANAGEMENT STUDY GUIDE,
PRACTICE QUESTIONS & ANSWERS 2026/2027
MS:
Market Share (sales in $)
Market Share (units sold)
Contribution and profit margin:
Contribution (per unit)
Contribution margin %
Profit (per unit)
Profit margin %
Markup on cost $
Break-even Analysis:
Break-even (units sold)
Break-even ($)
Selling price (per unit)
PE:
Price Elasticity
% change
change in revenue
cross price elasticity (CPE)
Price Chains:
Manufacturer - Wholesaler - retailer - consumer
Selling price
VC
Contribution ($)
Contribution margin (%) - ANS ✔✔Quantatative Analysis
MS (sales in $) = Your brand sales ($)/Total sales for all brands ($) or total segment sales ($)
MS (units sold) = Your brand sales (units sold)/Total sales for all brands (units sold) or total segment sale
(units sold) - ANS ✔✔Market Share: formulas
Step down analysis approach allows us to circumvent the missing data problem. We can use data about
proportions to help us estimate market share. - ANS ✔✔MS: Step down analysis
Costs = money that you are spending (to manufacture something)
Revenue = money that is coming in (from sales)
Profit = revenue - cost
, Profit margin % = profit/revenue
Cost (per unit) = fixed costs (per unit) + variable costs (per unit)
Unit Cost = variable cost + fixed costs/units sales
CM ($) = SP ($) - VC($)
CM (%) = CM ($)/SP($)
CM (per unit) = SP (per unit) - VC ( per unit)
CM (% of SP) = (SP (unit) - VC (unit))/SP (unit)
CM(% of Sales) = (Total Sales - Total VC)/Total Sales (all per total sales)
Total CM = Total Sales - Total VC
SP* = price (unit) or selling price
CM (per unit) = FC/BEP (units)
Profit (per unit) = price (per unit) - all costs (per unit)
PM (unit) = SP- VC - FC
Total PM = Total Sales - Total VC - Total FC
Profit margin % = profit (per unit)/price (per unit)
Markup on cost $ = contribution margin ($)
Markup on cost % = (SP-VC)/VC - ANS ✔✔Types of Costs and margins: formulas; 3x costs, 1x revenues, 5x
profits, 7x contributions, 2x markups
Fixed costs: costs that do not vary with how many units you make
Variable costs: Costs that do vary with how many units you make - ANS ✔✔Fixed and variable costs
Contribution margin: How much money from sales is left after accounting for the variable cost (i.e., fixed
cost + profit). This money can be used to cover paying off the fixed costs we invested in?
Profit: How much money from the sales is left after accounting for all costs (profit = profit contribution) -
ANS ✔✔Contribution and profit margins: meaning
Markup on cost: what is the amount $ added ("marked up") by the retailer (i.e., buyer), relative to what
they paid to the wholesale distributor (i.e., seller)? - ANS ✔✔Markup on cost: meaning
BE (units) = Total FC/(SP (units) - VC (units)) or Total FC/CM ($)
BE MS = BE ($)/total Market sales
BE ($) = BEP (units) x Price (units)
BE ($) = Total FC/(SP (unit) - VC (unit)/SP (unit))
BE ($) = Total FC/(1 - VC (unit)/SP (unit))
PRACTICE QUESTIONS & ANSWERS 2026/2027
MS:
Market Share (sales in $)
Market Share (units sold)
Contribution and profit margin:
Contribution (per unit)
Contribution margin %
Profit (per unit)
Profit margin %
Markup on cost $
Break-even Analysis:
Break-even (units sold)
Break-even ($)
Selling price (per unit)
PE:
Price Elasticity
% change
change in revenue
cross price elasticity (CPE)
Price Chains:
Manufacturer - Wholesaler - retailer - consumer
Selling price
VC
Contribution ($)
Contribution margin (%) - ANS ✔✔Quantatative Analysis
MS (sales in $) = Your brand sales ($)/Total sales for all brands ($) or total segment sales ($)
MS (units sold) = Your brand sales (units sold)/Total sales for all brands (units sold) or total segment sale
(units sold) - ANS ✔✔Market Share: formulas
Step down analysis approach allows us to circumvent the missing data problem. We can use data about
proportions to help us estimate market share. - ANS ✔✔MS: Step down analysis
Costs = money that you are spending (to manufacture something)
Revenue = money that is coming in (from sales)
Profit = revenue - cost
, Profit margin % = profit/revenue
Cost (per unit) = fixed costs (per unit) + variable costs (per unit)
Unit Cost = variable cost + fixed costs/units sales
CM ($) = SP ($) - VC($)
CM (%) = CM ($)/SP($)
CM (per unit) = SP (per unit) - VC ( per unit)
CM (% of SP) = (SP (unit) - VC (unit))/SP (unit)
CM(% of Sales) = (Total Sales - Total VC)/Total Sales (all per total sales)
Total CM = Total Sales - Total VC
SP* = price (unit) or selling price
CM (per unit) = FC/BEP (units)
Profit (per unit) = price (per unit) - all costs (per unit)
PM (unit) = SP- VC - FC
Total PM = Total Sales - Total VC - Total FC
Profit margin % = profit (per unit)/price (per unit)
Markup on cost $ = contribution margin ($)
Markup on cost % = (SP-VC)/VC - ANS ✔✔Types of Costs and margins: formulas; 3x costs, 1x revenues, 5x
profits, 7x contributions, 2x markups
Fixed costs: costs that do not vary with how many units you make
Variable costs: Costs that do vary with how many units you make - ANS ✔✔Fixed and variable costs
Contribution margin: How much money from sales is left after accounting for the variable cost (i.e., fixed
cost + profit). This money can be used to cover paying off the fixed costs we invested in?
Profit: How much money from the sales is left after accounting for all costs (profit = profit contribution) -
ANS ✔✔Contribution and profit margins: meaning
Markup on cost: what is the amount $ added ("marked up") by the retailer (i.e., buyer), relative to what
they paid to the wholesale distributor (i.e., seller)? - ANS ✔✔Markup on cost: meaning
BE (units) = Total FC/(SP (units) - VC (units)) or Total FC/CM ($)
BE MS = BE ($)/total Market sales
BE ($) = BEP (units) x Price (units)
BE ($) = Total FC/(SP (unit) - VC (unit)/SP (unit))
BE ($) = Total FC/(1 - VC (unit)/SP (unit))
