NU 545 Unit 1 Study Guide Questions
And Answers
Summer 2026 - ANSWER -NU 545
Summer 2026 - ANSWER -Patho
What happens to calcium pumps during cell injury? - ANSWER -They fail.
What causes cellular swelling during cell injury? - ANSWER -Na⁺ accumulates
inside the cell due to Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase pump failure, drawing water in.
What happens to osmotic pressure during cell injury caused by hypoxia? -
ANSWER -Intracellular osmotic pressure increases.
What stimulates mammary gland enlargement during pregnancy? - ANSWER -
Estrogen and progesterone stimulate ductal and lobular growth.
What happens to uterine endometrial cells after ovulation? - ANSWER -They
undergo hypertrophy and secretory changes due to progesterone.
What occurs when a portion of the liver is removed? - ANSWER -Compensatory
hyperplasia of remaining liver cells.
What type of necrosis is associated with pulmonary TB? - ANSWER -Caseous
necrosis.
What causes edema in infants? - ANSWER -Higher percentage of body water,
higher metabolic rate, immature kidneys, larger surface area to body weight ratio.
Why are obese individuals at greater risk for dehydration? - ANSWER -Higher
proportion of fat relative to total body mass results in lower total body water
percentage.
What causes edema with low plasma albumin? - ANSWER -Low albumin
decreases oncotic pressure, preventing fluid reabsorption.
, What causes edema due to sodium and water retention? - ANSWER -Increased
hydrostatic pressure.
What causes hypernatremia? - ANSWER -Water loss in excess of sodium,
insufficient water intake, or excess sodium intake.
Can insulin treat hyperkalemia? - ANSWER -Yes, it drives K⁺ into cells
temporarily.
What does hyperaldosteronism cause? - ANSWER -Na⁺ and water retention, K⁺
excretion, and H⁺ excretion.
What are the neuronal symptoms in hypernatremia? - ANSWER -Irritability,
confusion, seizures, coma.
What causes decreased urine output with SIADH? - ANSWER -Excess ADH
leads to water reabsorption and concentrated, low-volume urine.
How does the body compensate for acidosis? - ANSWER -Increased respiratory
rate and renal excretion of H⁺.
What is Kussmaul respiration? - ANSWER -Deep, rapid breathing as a
compensatory mechanism in metabolic acidosis.
What causes hyperkalemia? - ANSWER -Renal failure, acidosis, cell destruction,
hypoaldosteronism, excess intake.
What causes hypermagnesemia? - ANSWER -Renal failure or excess Mg²⁺ intake.
What influences calcium and phosphate balances? - ANSWER -Parathyroid
hormone, vitamin D, and calcitonin.
What are Chvostek's and Trousseau's signs? - ANSWER -Clinical signs of
hypocalcemia; facial twitching and carpal spasm.
What causes hypocalcemia? - ANSWER -Hypoparathyroidism, vitamin D
deficiency, hyperphosphatemia, pancreatitis, hypomagnesemia.
What causes metabolic alkalosis during vomiting? - ANSWER -Loss of
hydrochloric acid leads to decreased blood H⁺ and increased pH.
And Answers
Summer 2026 - ANSWER -NU 545
Summer 2026 - ANSWER -Patho
What happens to calcium pumps during cell injury? - ANSWER -They fail.
What causes cellular swelling during cell injury? - ANSWER -Na⁺ accumulates
inside the cell due to Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase pump failure, drawing water in.
What happens to osmotic pressure during cell injury caused by hypoxia? -
ANSWER -Intracellular osmotic pressure increases.
What stimulates mammary gland enlargement during pregnancy? - ANSWER -
Estrogen and progesterone stimulate ductal and lobular growth.
What happens to uterine endometrial cells after ovulation? - ANSWER -They
undergo hypertrophy and secretory changes due to progesterone.
What occurs when a portion of the liver is removed? - ANSWER -Compensatory
hyperplasia of remaining liver cells.
What type of necrosis is associated with pulmonary TB? - ANSWER -Caseous
necrosis.
What causes edema in infants? - ANSWER -Higher percentage of body water,
higher metabolic rate, immature kidneys, larger surface area to body weight ratio.
Why are obese individuals at greater risk for dehydration? - ANSWER -Higher
proportion of fat relative to total body mass results in lower total body water
percentage.
What causes edema with low plasma albumin? - ANSWER -Low albumin
decreases oncotic pressure, preventing fluid reabsorption.
, What causes edema due to sodium and water retention? - ANSWER -Increased
hydrostatic pressure.
What causes hypernatremia? - ANSWER -Water loss in excess of sodium,
insufficient water intake, or excess sodium intake.
Can insulin treat hyperkalemia? - ANSWER -Yes, it drives K⁺ into cells
temporarily.
What does hyperaldosteronism cause? - ANSWER -Na⁺ and water retention, K⁺
excretion, and H⁺ excretion.
What are the neuronal symptoms in hypernatremia? - ANSWER -Irritability,
confusion, seizures, coma.
What causes decreased urine output with SIADH? - ANSWER -Excess ADH
leads to water reabsorption and concentrated, low-volume urine.
How does the body compensate for acidosis? - ANSWER -Increased respiratory
rate and renal excretion of H⁺.
What is Kussmaul respiration? - ANSWER -Deep, rapid breathing as a
compensatory mechanism in metabolic acidosis.
What causes hyperkalemia? - ANSWER -Renal failure, acidosis, cell destruction,
hypoaldosteronism, excess intake.
What causes hypermagnesemia? - ANSWER -Renal failure or excess Mg²⁺ intake.
What influences calcium and phosphate balances? - ANSWER -Parathyroid
hormone, vitamin D, and calcitonin.
What are Chvostek's and Trousseau's signs? - ANSWER -Clinical signs of
hypocalcemia; facial twitching and carpal spasm.
What causes hypocalcemia? - ANSWER -Hypoparathyroidism, vitamin D
deficiency, hyperphosphatemia, pancreatitis, hypomagnesemia.
What causes metabolic alkalosis during vomiting? - ANSWER -Loss of
hydrochloric acid leads to decreased blood H⁺ and increased pH.
