Mallery BIL150 exam 1 Questions with Correct Answers
Question 1:
Lecture presented possible scenarios for the origin of the chemicals necessary for the evolution
of early life on Earth. The 3 major hypotheses of the origins of life and cells are?
Answer:
1 .Chemical Evolution
Question 2:
2. Astrobiological 3.Supreme Being (non-testable) Radioisotope dating using 235U decay
indicates that the Earth is around old and that life originated between
Answer:
4.0 and 4.5 billion years old
Question 3:
life originated about 3.5 billion years ago Conditions on the primitive Earth are thought to have
favored the spontaneous formation of organic monomers, the linking of these monomers into
polymers, the development of self-replicating molecules, and the grouping of aggregates of
organic molecules into droplets called Question
Answer:
protobionts
Question 4:
Consider the Stanley Miller apparatus. What was it meant to simulate
Answer:
early earth-like conditions
Question 5:
What molecules are found in the reaction vesicle labeled A (top)
Answer:
methane, ammonia, hydrogen, and water
,Question 6:
the atmosphere inside the vessel "A." (top) is described as a chemically
Answer:
reducingMiller & Urey's atmosphere was probably more strongly reducing than the actual
atmosphere of early Earth. Volcanoes today emit CO, CO2, and N2 and it is likely they were also
abundant.in the sample vesicle which they tested for various types of chemical made. what
moleculesreducingMiller & Urey's atmosphere was probably more strongly reducing than the
actual atmosphere of early Earth. Volcanoes today emit CO, CO2, and N2 and it is likely they
were also abundant.in the sample vesicle which they tested for various types of chemical made.
what molecules
reducing
Miller & Urey's atmosphere was probably more strongly reducing than the actual atmosphere
of early Earth. Volcanoes today emit CO, CO2, and N2 and it is likely they were also abundant.
in the sample vesicle which they tested for various types of chemical made. what molecules
reducing
Miller & Urey's atmosphere was probably more strongly reducing than the actual atmosphere
of early Earth. Volcanoes today emit CO, CO2, and N2 and it is likely they were also abundant.
in the sample vesicle which they tested for various types of chemical made. what molecules
Question 7:
did they find in "B (flask on bottom)
Answer:
Hydrogen cyanide,f ormaldehyde, and many organic molecules, including amino acids,
nucleotides, and sugars.
At the end of one week, Miller observed that as much as 10-15% of the carbon was now in the
form of organic compounds. Two percent of the carbon had formed some of the amino acids.
Perhaps most importantly, Miller's experiment showed that organic compounds such as amino
acids, which are essential to cellular life, could be made easily under the conditions that
scientists believed to be present on the early earth. The formaldehyde can spontaneously react
to form a variety of sugars, including the five-carbon sugars fundamental to the formation of
nucleic acids and such six-carbon sugars as glucose and fructose
Question 8:
in miller experiment, what energy source(s) were provided, and what was it likely meant to
simulate?
Answer:
An electrode.
,Question 9:
energy Sources on primitive Earth, especially electricity in the form of lightning. While it is
believed lightning storms were extremely common on the primitive Earth, they were not
continuous as the Miller/Urey experiment portrayed.Subsequent experiments have substituted
ultraviolet light or heat as the energy source On the early Earth there was much more energy
available in ultraviolet light than in lightning discharges How might each of the molecules made
in the Miller/Urey apparatus have contributed to the formation of early cells?
Answer:
All of these organics are extremely common metabolites and structural building blocks in
contemporary organisms. Furthermore, the nucleotide bases as well as porphyrins have been
produced in the laboratory under simulated primitive Earth conditions by several investigators.
While there is still debate on the generality of the experimental synthetic pathways and on the
stability of the molecules produced, most if not all of the essential building blocks of proteins,
carbohydrates, and nucleic acids can be readily produced under quite general primitive
reducing conditions
All of these organics are extremely common metabolites and structural building blocks in
contemporary organisms. Furthermore, the nucleotide bases as well as porphyrins have been
produced in the laboratory under simulated primitive Earth conditions by several investigators.
While there is still debate on the generality of the experimental synthetic pathways and on the
stability of the molecules produced, most if not all of the essential building blocks of proteins,
carbohydrates, and nucleic acids can be readily produced under quite general primitive
reducing conditions
All of these organics are extremely common metabolites and structural building blocks in
contemporary organisms. Furthermore, the nucleotide bases as well as porphyrins have been
produced in the laboratory under simulated primitive Earth conditions by several investigators.
While there is still debate on the generality of the experimental synthetic pathways and on the
stability of the molecules produced, most if not all of the essential building blocks of proteins,
carbohydrates, and nucleic acids can be readily produced under quite general primitive
reducing conditions
All of these organics are extremely common metabolites and structural building blocks in
contemporary organisms. Furthermore, the nucleotide bases as well as porphyrins have been
produced in the laboratory under simulated primitive Earth conditions by several investigators.
While there is still debate on the generality of the experimental synthetic pathways and on the
stability of the molecules produced, most if not all of the essential building blocks of proteins,
carbohydrates, and nucleic acids can be readily produced under quite general primitive
reducing conditions
Question 10:
What is an abiotic molecule?
Answer:
abiotic components Nonliving chemical and physical factors in the environment
, Question 11:
What is the definition of a biological macromolecule?
Answer:
biotic -a giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules, usually by a condensation
reaction. Polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids are macromolecules that makeup living
organisms examples of
nucleic acid protein carbohydrate
Question 12:
lipid
Answer:
1. nucleic acid deoxyribonucleic acid ribonucleic acid protein
Question 13:
albumin petidase carbohydrate glucose, etc sucrose lipid triglyceride phospholipids Where did
the Chemicals of Life come from? This idea is often known as
Answer:
Panspermia
Question 14:
Pose an experimentally testable research question that might help to determine whether this
idea might be correct. Have your Learning Community critique the experiment. Is the
experiment really testable?
Answer:
Determine if the precursor chemicals of life on Earth (amino acids, sugars, and nucleotides)
exist on other planetary bodies in the Universe, such as planets like Mars
Possible extraterrestrial sources of early organic molecules that may have lead to life include:
Question 15:
Question
Answer:
comets meteorites asteroids
Question 1:
Lecture presented possible scenarios for the origin of the chemicals necessary for the evolution
of early life on Earth. The 3 major hypotheses of the origins of life and cells are?
Answer:
1 .Chemical Evolution
Question 2:
2. Astrobiological 3.Supreme Being (non-testable) Radioisotope dating using 235U decay
indicates that the Earth is around old and that life originated between
Answer:
4.0 and 4.5 billion years old
Question 3:
life originated about 3.5 billion years ago Conditions on the primitive Earth are thought to have
favored the spontaneous formation of organic monomers, the linking of these monomers into
polymers, the development of self-replicating molecules, and the grouping of aggregates of
organic molecules into droplets called Question
Answer:
protobionts
Question 4:
Consider the Stanley Miller apparatus. What was it meant to simulate
Answer:
early earth-like conditions
Question 5:
What molecules are found in the reaction vesicle labeled A (top)
Answer:
methane, ammonia, hydrogen, and water
,Question 6:
the atmosphere inside the vessel "A." (top) is described as a chemically
Answer:
reducingMiller & Urey's atmosphere was probably more strongly reducing than the actual
atmosphere of early Earth. Volcanoes today emit CO, CO2, and N2 and it is likely they were also
abundant.in the sample vesicle which they tested for various types of chemical made. what
moleculesreducingMiller & Urey's atmosphere was probably more strongly reducing than the
actual atmosphere of early Earth. Volcanoes today emit CO, CO2, and N2 and it is likely they
were also abundant.in the sample vesicle which they tested for various types of chemical made.
what molecules
reducing
Miller & Urey's atmosphere was probably more strongly reducing than the actual atmosphere
of early Earth. Volcanoes today emit CO, CO2, and N2 and it is likely they were also abundant.
in the sample vesicle which they tested for various types of chemical made. what molecules
reducing
Miller & Urey's atmosphere was probably more strongly reducing than the actual atmosphere
of early Earth. Volcanoes today emit CO, CO2, and N2 and it is likely they were also abundant.
in the sample vesicle which they tested for various types of chemical made. what molecules
Question 7:
did they find in "B (flask on bottom)
Answer:
Hydrogen cyanide,f ormaldehyde, and many organic molecules, including amino acids,
nucleotides, and sugars.
At the end of one week, Miller observed that as much as 10-15% of the carbon was now in the
form of organic compounds. Two percent of the carbon had formed some of the amino acids.
Perhaps most importantly, Miller's experiment showed that organic compounds such as amino
acids, which are essential to cellular life, could be made easily under the conditions that
scientists believed to be present on the early earth. The formaldehyde can spontaneously react
to form a variety of sugars, including the five-carbon sugars fundamental to the formation of
nucleic acids and such six-carbon sugars as glucose and fructose
Question 8:
in miller experiment, what energy source(s) were provided, and what was it likely meant to
simulate?
Answer:
An electrode.
,Question 9:
energy Sources on primitive Earth, especially electricity in the form of lightning. While it is
believed lightning storms were extremely common on the primitive Earth, they were not
continuous as the Miller/Urey experiment portrayed.Subsequent experiments have substituted
ultraviolet light or heat as the energy source On the early Earth there was much more energy
available in ultraviolet light than in lightning discharges How might each of the molecules made
in the Miller/Urey apparatus have contributed to the formation of early cells?
Answer:
All of these organics are extremely common metabolites and structural building blocks in
contemporary organisms. Furthermore, the nucleotide bases as well as porphyrins have been
produced in the laboratory under simulated primitive Earth conditions by several investigators.
While there is still debate on the generality of the experimental synthetic pathways and on the
stability of the molecules produced, most if not all of the essential building blocks of proteins,
carbohydrates, and nucleic acids can be readily produced under quite general primitive
reducing conditions
All of these organics are extremely common metabolites and structural building blocks in
contemporary organisms. Furthermore, the nucleotide bases as well as porphyrins have been
produced in the laboratory under simulated primitive Earth conditions by several investigators.
While there is still debate on the generality of the experimental synthetic pathways and on the
stability of the molecules produced, most if not all of the essential building blocks of proteins,
carbohydrates, and nucleic acids can be readily produced under quite general primitive
reducing conditions
All of these organics are extremely common metabolites and structural building blocks in
contemporary organisms. Furthermore, the nucleotide bases as well as porphyrins have been
produced in the laboratory under simulated primitive Earth conditions by several investigators.
While there is still debate on the generality of the experimental synthetic pathways and on the
stability of the molecules produced, most if not all of the essential building blocks of proteins,
carbohydrates, and nucleic acids can be readily produced under quite general primitive
reducing conditions
All of these organics are extremely common metabolites and structural building blocks in
contemporary organisms. Furthermore, the nucleotide bases as well as porphyrins have been
produced in the laboratory under simulated primitive Earth conditions by several investigators.
While there is still debate on the generality of the experimental synthetic pathways and on the
stability of the molecules produced, most if not all of the essential building blocks of proteins,
carbohydrates, and nucleic acids can be readily produced under quite general primitive
reducing conditions
Question 10:
What is an abiotic molecule?
Answer:
abiotic components Nonliving chemical and physical factors in the environment
, Question 11:
What is the definition of a biological macromolecule?
Answer:
biotic -a giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules, usually by a condensation
reaction. Polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids are macromolecules that makeup living
organisms examples of
nucleic acid protein carbohydrate
Question 12:
lipid
Answer:
1. nucleic acid deoxyribonucleic acid ribonucleic acid protein
Question 13:
albumin petidase carbohydrate glucose, etc sucrose lipid triglyceride phospholipids Where did
the Chemicals of Life come from? This idea is often known as
Answer:
Panspermia
Question 14:
Pose an experimentally testable research question that might help to determine whether this
idea might be correct. Have your Learning Community critique the experiment. Is the
experiment really testable?
Answer:
Determine if the precursor chemicals of life on Earth (amino acids, sugars, and nucleotides)
exist on other planetary bodies in the Universe, such as planets like Mars
Possible extraterrestrial sources of early organic molecules that may have lead to life include:
Question 15:
Question
Answer:
comets meteorites asteroids
