GALEN COLLEGE OF NURSING • PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Exam 2: NSG3280 / NSG 3280
(Latest 2026/2027 Update) A+
Pathophysiology for Nurses I Guide
Questions & Answers | Grade A | 100% Correct
(Verified Solutions) – Galen
2026/2027
Official-Style Objective Assessment • Clinical Pathophysiology Scenarios • Full Rationales
A+ 5 100%
QUESTIONS VERIFIED EXAM DOMAINS COVERED RATIONALES INCLUDED
CATEGORIES
■ 1. Cellular Injury, Adaptation & Inflammation
■ 2. Fluid & Electrolyte Imbalances
■ 3. Acid-Base Balance
■ 4. Integumentary Pathophysiology & Tissue Integrity
■ 5. Immunity, Hypersensitivity & Infection Concepts
STUVIAACTUALEXAM
All content original • Aligned to common Pathophysiology for Nurses I Exam 2 domains • For educational practice only
, SECTION: CELLULAR INJURY, ADAPTATION & INFLAMMATION
Q1. A client with long-standing hypertension develops left-ventricular wall thickening. Which cellular adaptation best explains this change?
A. Hypertrophy of cardiac myocytes in response to increased workload
B. Metaplasia of myocardium into connective tissue
C. Hyperplasia of cardiac myocytes producing more cells
D. Atrophy caused by reduced blood flow
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size in response to increased demand or stress. Cardiac myocytes enlarge under sustained pressure overload; they have limited
capacity for hyperplasia.
Q2. A nurse reviews a biopsy report describing replacement of normal columnar epithelium by squamous epithelium in a client’s bronchi. What
adaptive process is documented?
A. Metaplasia
B. Hypertrophy
C. Dysplasia
D. Hyperplasia
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one differentiated cell type by another, often in response to chronic irritation such as cigarette smoke.
Q3. A laboratory report notes cellular swelling, fatty change, and loss of ATP in hepatocytes after ischemia. Which type of cellular injury is
occurring?
A. Atrophy that is beneficial to the organ
B. Reversible injury if the ischemic insult is promptly removed
C. Apoptosis that is always physiologic
D. Irreversible necrosis that cannot be halted
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Cellular swelling and fatty change are hallmarks of reversible injury. If oxygen is restored before membrane damage becomes severe, the cell can recover.
Q4. A client develops a red, warm, swollen, and painful area around a surgical incision on day 2. Which set of processes accounts for these
cardinal signs?
A. Primary intention wound healing without inflammatory phase
B. Chronic granulomatous inflammation with caseation
C. Apoptotic cell death without inflammation
D. Vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, and leukocyte recruitment of acute inflammation
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The classic signs of acute inflammation (rubor, calor, tumor, dolor) result from vascular changes and the influx of inflammatory cells and fluid.
Q5. A pathologist describes tissue in which cells have undergone orderly, programmed death without eliciting inflammation. Which process is
described?
A. Liquefactive necrosis
B. Apoptosis
C. Coagulative necrosis
D. Caseous necrosis
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Apoptosis is programmed cell death that removes cells cleanly, usually without an inflammatory response, in contrast to necrosis.
Q6. A client with severe ischemia of the lower leg develops dry, black, sharply demarcated tissue on the toes. Which form of necrosis is most
consistent with this finding?
A. Caseous necrosis of tuberculosis
B. Gangrenous necrosis (dry gangrene) secondary to coagulative necrosis
C. Fat necrosis of the pancreas
D. Liquefactive necrosis typical of brain infarcts
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Dry gangrene is coagulative necrosis of an extremity caused by ischemia; the tissue appears dry, black, and clearly demarcated.
STUVIAACTUALEXAM Page 2 of 10 NSG 3280 Exam 2
Exam 2: NSG3280 / NSG 3280
(Latest 2026/2027 Update) A+
Pathophysiology for Nurses I Guide
Questions & Answers | Grade A | 100% Correct
(Verified Solutions) – Galen
2026/2027
Official-Style Objective Assessment • Clinical Pathophysiology Scenarios • Full Rationales
A+ 5 100%
QUESTIONS VERIFIED EXAM DOMAINS COVERED RATIONALES INCLUDED
CATEGORIES
■ 1. Cellular Injury, Adaptation & Inflammation
■ 2. Fluid & Electrolyte Imbalances
■ 3. Acid-Base Balance
■ 4. Integumentary Pathophysiology & Tissue Integrity
■ 5. Immunity, Hypersensitivity & Infection Concepts
STUVIAACTUALEXAM
All content original • Aligned to common Pathophysiology for Nurses I Exam 2 domains • For educational practice only
, SECTION: CELLULAR INJURY, ADAPTATION & INFLAMMATION
Q1. A client with long-standing hypertension develops left-ventricular wall thickening. Which cellular adaptation best explains this change?
A. Hypertrophy of cardiac myocytes in response to increased workload
B. Metaplasia of myocardium into connective tissue
C. Hyperplasia of cardiac myocytes producing more cells
D. Atrophy caused by reduced blood flow
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size in response to increased demand or stress. Cardiac myocytes enlarge under sustained pressure overload; they have limited
capacity for hyperplasia.
Q2. A nurse reviews a biopsy report describing replacement of normal columnar epithelium by squamous epithelium in a client’s bronchi. What
adaptive process is documented?
A. Metaplasia
B. Hypertrophy
C. Dysplasia
D. Hyperplasia
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one differentiated cell type by another, often in response to chronic irritation such as cigarette smoke.
Q3. A laboratory report notes cellular swelling, fatty change, and loss of ATP in hepatocytes after ischemia. Which type of cellular injury is
occurring?
A. Atrophy that is beneficial to the organ
B. Reversible injury if the ischemic insult is promptly removed
C. Apoptosis that is always physiologic
D. Irreversible necrosis that cannot be halted
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Cellular swelling and fatty change are hallmarks of reversible injury. If oxygen is restored before membrane damage becomes severe, the cell can recover.
Q4. A client develops a red, warm, swollen, and painful area around a surgical incision on day 2. Which set of processes accounts for these
cardinal signs?
A. Primary intention wound healing without inflammatory phase
B. Chronic granulomatous inflammation with caseation
C. Apoptotic cell death without inflammation
D. Vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, and leukocyte recruitment of acute inflammation
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The classic signs of acute inflammation (rubor, calor, tumor, dolor) result from vascular changes and the influx of inflammatory cells and fluid.
Q5. A pathologist describes tissue in which cells have undergone orderly, programmed death without eliciting inflammation. Which process is
described?
A. Liquefactive necrosis
B. Apoptosis
C. Coagulative necrosis
D. Caseous necrosis
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Apoptosis is programmed cell death that removes cells cleanly, usually without an inflammatory response, in contrast to necrosis.
Q6. A client with severe ischemia of the lower leg develops dry, black, sharply demarcated tissue on the toes. Which form of necrosis is most
consistent with this finding?
A. Caseous necrosis of tuberculosis
B. Gangrenous necrosis (dry gangrene) secondary to coagulative necrosis
C. Fat necrosis of the pancreas
D. Liquefactive necrosis typical of brain infarcts
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Dry gangrene is coagulative necrosis of an extremity caused by ischemia; the tissue appears dry, black, and clearly demarcated.
STUVIAACTUALEXAM Page 2 of 10 NSG 3280 Exam 2
