,Galen NSG 3280 Exams 1–4 Pathophysiology
Actual Questions, Verified Answers with
Rationales | Guarantee Pass
1. A patient with a history of heavy smoking presents with chronic cough and
difficulty breathing. A biopsy of the bronchial tissue reveals a change in the
epithelial lining from ciliated columnar cells to stratified squamous epithelium.
Which specific type of cellular adaptation is the pathologist describing?
• A) Hyperplasia
• B) Metaplasia
• C) Dysplasia
• D) Anaplasia
Answer: B
Rationale: Metaplasia occurs when one mature cell type is replaced by another mature
cell type in response to chronic stress or irritation, such as smoking. This change helps
the tissue better withstand the new environment but can predispose to cancer .
2. The study of the causes or reasons for disease phenomena is known as:
• A) Pathogenesis
• B) Epidemiology
• C) Etiology
• D) Pathology
Answer: C
Rationale: Etiology identifies causative factors that provoke disease, which may work in
tandem or be multifactorial. Pathogenesis describes the development of disease .
,3. A disease with an unknown cause is classified as:
• A) Iatrogenic
• B) Idiopathic
• C) Nosocomial
• D) Congenital
Answer: B
Rationale: Idiopathic diseases have an unknown cause. Iatrogenic conditions result
from unintended medical treatment .
4. A "risk factor" for disease is best defined as a factor that:
• A) Always causes disease when present
• B) Increases the likelihood of developing disease
• C) Guarantees disease will develop
• D) Is unrelated to disease development
Answer: B
Rationale: A risk factor increases the likelihood of disease but does not guarantee it will
occur. A causative factor, when present, will cause disease .
5. Which of the following best describes the "subclinical" stage of a disease?
• A) Severe manifestations requiring hospitalization
• B) The disease process is active, but the individual is asymptomatic
• C) Complete recovery from the disease
• D) Disease manifestations appear briefly and resolve
Answer: B
Rationale: In the subclinical stage, the disease is present and may be detectable by lab
tests, but the patient shows no symptoms. Chronic kidney disease is an example .
, 6. An iatrogenic disease is one that is:
• A) Transmitted from animals
• B) Caused by unintended or unwanted medical treatment
• C) Native to a local region
• D) Acquired in a healthcare setting
Answer: B
Rationale: Iatrogenic conditions result from medical errors or unintended consequences
of treatment. Nosocomial infections are acquired in healthcare settings .
7. Which level of prevention focuses on rehabilitation and reducing disability after
disease has occurred?
• A) Primary prevention
• B) Secondary prevention
• C) Tertiary prevention
• D) Quaternary prevention
Answer: C
Rationale: Tertiary prevention involves rehabilitation, supportive care, and restoring
function after disease onset. Primary prevention reduces susceptibility, and secondary
prevention involves early detection .
8. The study of disease patterns in populations, including incidence and
prevalence, is called:
• A) Pathology
• B) Epidemiology
• C) Etiology
Actual Questions, Verified Answers with
Rationales | Guarantee Pass
1. A patient with a history of heavy smoking presents with chronic cough and
difficulty breathing. A biopsy of the bronchial tissue reveals a change in the
epithelial lining from ciliated columnar cells to stratified squamous epithelium.
Which specific type of cellular adaptation is the pathologist describing?
• A) Hyperplasia
• B) Metaplasia
• C) Dysplasia
• D) Anaplasia
Answer: B
Rationale: Metaplasia occurs when one mature cell type is replaced by another mature
cell type in response to chronic stress or irritation, such as smoking. This change helps
the tissue better withstand the new environment but can predispose to cancer .
2. The study of the causes or reasons for disease phenomena is known as:
• A) Pathogenesis
• B) Epidemiology
• C) Etiology
• D) Pathology
Answer: C
Rationale: Etiology identifies causative factors that provoke disease, which may work in
tandem or be multifactorial. Pathogenesis describes the development of disease .
,3. A disease with an unknown cause is classified as:
• A) Iatrogenic
• B) Idiopathic
• C) Nosocomial
• D) Congenital
Answer: B
Rationale: Idiopathic diseases have an unknown cause. Iatrogenic conditions result
from unintended medical treatment .
4. A "risk factor" for disease is best defined as a factor that:
• A) Always causes disease when present
• B) Increases the likelihood of developing disease
• C) Guarantees disease will develop
• D) Is unrelated to disease development
Answer: B
Rationale: A risk factor increases the likelihood of disease but does not guarantee it will
occur. A causative factor, when present, will cause disease .
5. Which of the following best describes the "subclinical" stage of a disease?
• A) Severe manifestations requiring hospitalization
• B) The disease process is active, but the individual is asymptomatic
• C) Complete recovery from the disease
• D) Disease manifestations appear briefly and resolve
Answer: B
Rationale: In the subclinical stage, the disease is present and may be detectable by lab
tests, but the patient shows no symptoms. Chronic kidney disease is an example .
, 6. An iatrogenic disease is one that is:
• A) Transmitted from animals
• B) Caused by unintended or unwanted medical treatment
• C) Native to a local region
• D) Acquired in a healthcare setting
Answer: B
Rationale: Iatrogenic conditions result from medical errors or unintended consequences
of treatment. Nosocomial infections are acquired in healthcare settings .
7. Which level of prevention focuses on rehabilitation and reducing disability after
disease has occurred?
• A) Primary prevention
• B) Secondary prevention
• C) Tertiary prevention
• D) Quaternary prevention
Answer: C
Rationale: Tertiary prevention involves rehabilitation, supportive care, and restoring
function after disease onset. Primary prevention reduces susceptibility, and secondary
prevention involves early detection .
8. The study of disease patterns in populations, including incidence and
prevalence, is called:
• A) Pathology
• B) Epidemiology
• C) Etiology
