Comprehensive Advanced Pathophysiology & Diagnostic Review for NR50Final Exam
Comprehensive Advanced Pathophysiology & Diagnostic Review for NR50
Final Exam
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_jtnnod
1. What is GERD? Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) occurs when reflux
of acidic or nonacidic gastric contents repeatedly enters the
esophagus.
2. What is the key defect in The key defect is transient or chronically reduced lower
GERD? esophageal sphincter (LES) tone.
3. What factors promote reflux Increased intra-abdominal pressure, delayed gastric empty-
in GERD? ing, hiatal hernia, impaired esophageal clearance, and re-
duced salivary neutralization.
4. Why do symptoms of GERD Gravity and swallowing no longer clear reflux efficiently.
worsen after meals or when
supine?
5. What are alarm findings in Dysphagia, bleeding, anemia, weight loss, persistent vomiting,
GERD? or new symptoms at an older age.
6. What mnemonic can help re- GERD = Gate (LES) Easily Relaxes Downward.
member GERD?
7. What are key manifestations Burning retrosternal heartburn, acid regurgitation, noncardiac
of GERD? chest pain, dysphagia, chronic cough, and occult bleeding.
8. What is the role of antacids in Antacids neutralize existing acid and provide rapid, short relief.
GERD management?
9. How do H2-receptor antago- They reduce histamine-stimulated acid secretion and are use-
nists help in GERD? ful for mild/intermittent symptoms.
8/25/2026
, Comprehensive Advanced Pathophysiology & Diagnostic Review for NR50Final Exam
Comprehensive Advanced Pathophysiology & Diagnostic Review for NR50
Final Exam
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_jtnnod
10. What is the mechanism PPIs irreversibly inhibit the gastric H+/K+ ATPase, providing the
of proton-pump inhibitors strongest acid suppression.
(PPIs)?
11. What are the risks associated Nutrient deficiency, enteric infection, and other adverse effects
with chronic PPI therapy? in susceptible patients.
12. What causes a peptic stric- Repeated acid injury, ulceration, collagen deposition, and cir-
ture? cumferential fibrosis that narrows the lumen.
13. What are key risk factors for Long-standing GERD, severe erosive esophagitis, hiatal hernia,
esophageal stricture? obesity, tobacco use, and impaired esophageal motility.
14. What is a hiatal hernia? Upward displacement of the stomach through the diaphrag-
matic hiatus.
15. What are treatment options Often no specific treatment is required.
for asymptomatic sliding hi-
atal hernia?
16. What is the classic symptom Pain beginning near the umbilicus and migrating to the right
of appendicitis? lower quadrant.
17. What is the initial cause of ap- Obstruction of the appendiceal lumen by a fecalith, lymphoid
pendicitis? hyperplasia, parasite, or tumor.
8/25/2026
, Comprehensive Advanced Pathophysiology & Diagnostic Review for NR50Final Exam
Comprehensive Advanced Pathophysiology & Diagnostic Review for NR50
Final Exam
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_jtnnod
18. What is the mnemonic for the Appendix obstruction -> Pressure -> Ischemia -> Perforation.
progression of appendicitis?
19. What are common symptoms Anorexia, nausea, vomiting, low-grade fever, rebound tender-
of appendicitis? ness, and guarding.
20. What lab findings support the Leukocytosis with neutrophilia, elevated CRP, and mild pyuria
diagnosis of appendicitis? or hematuria.
21. What imaging is useful for di- Graded-compression ultrasound.
agnosing appendicitis in chil-
dren and pregnant patients?
22. What is the significance of A normal WBC does not exclude early disease; diagnosis is
WBC count in diagnosing ap- clinical plus imaging.
pendicitis?
23. What are the risks for appen- Risk depends on age, comorbidities, perforation, and surgical
dectomy in adults? approach.
24. What is the treatment for Surgical repair is considered for refractory symptoms or com-
a large symptomatic parae- plications.
sophageal hernia?
25. What are the symptoms of Dysphagia or odynophagia.
esophagitis or stricture in
GERD?
26. What is the role of prokinetics Prokinetics are not routine; they may be considered only in
in GERD treatment? selected motility disorders.
27. What is the significance of the Pain with right hip extension suggests irritation of the retroce-
Psoas sign in appendicitis? cal appendix.
8/25/2026
, Comprehensive Advanced Pathophysiology & Diagnostic Review for NR50Final Exam
Comprehensive Advanced Pathophysiology & Diagnostic Review for NR50
Final Exam
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_jtnnod
28. What are key manifestations Bleeding, surgical-site infection, intra-abdominal abscess,
of surgical complications? anesthetic complications, injury to bowel, bladder, ureter, or
blood vessels.
29. What increases the risk of per- Delay in treatment increases perforation risk, which substan-
forated appendicitis? tially increases morbidity.
30. What is Peptic Ulcer Disease A break in the gastric or duodenal mucosa that extends through
(PUD)? the muscularis mucosae.
31. What are the aggressive fac- Acid, pepsin, Helicobacter pylori, NSAIDs, bile reflux, smoking.
tors that lead to PUD?
32. What are the mucosal defens- Mucus, bicarbonate, prostaglandin-mediated blood flow, ep-
es against PUD? ithelial repair, and tight junctions.
33. What are the two major caus- Helicobacter pylori and NSAIDs.
es of Peptic Ulcer Disease?
34. What is a mnemonic to re- Ulcer = acid attack greater than mucosal armor.
member the causes of ulcers?
35. What distinguishes gastric ul- Gastric ulcer pain worsens soon after eating; duodenal ulcer
cers from duodenal ulcers in pain improves with food.
terms of pain?
36. Patients may lose weight because eating triggers pain.
8/25/2026
Comprehensive Advanced Pathophysiology & Diagnostic Review for NR50
Final Exam
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_jtnnod
1. What is GERD? Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) occurs when reflux
of acidic or nonacidic gastric contents repeatedly enters the
esophagus.
2. What is the key defect in The key defect is transient or chronically reduced lower
GERD? esophageal sphincter (LES) tone.
3. What factors promote reflux Increased intra-abdominal pressure, delayed gastric empty-
in GERD? ing, hiatal hernia, impaired esophageal clearance, and re-
duced salivary neutralization.
4. Why do symptoms of GERD Gravity and swallowing no longer clear reflux efficiently.
worsen after meals or when
supine?
5. What are alarm findings in Dysphagia, bleeding, anemia, weight loss, persistent vomiting,
GERD? or new symptoms at an older age.
6. What mnemonic can help re- GERD = Gate (LES) Easily Relaxes Downward.
member GERD?
7. What are key manifestations Burning retrosternal heartburn, acid regurgitation, noncardiac
of GERD? chest pain, dysphagia, chronic cough, and occult bleeding.
8. What is the role of antacids in Antacids neutralize existing acid and provide rapid, short relief.
GERD management?
9. How do H2-receptor antago- They reduce histamine-stimulated acid secretion and are use-
nists help in GERD? ful for mild/intermittent symptoms.
8/25/2026
, Comprehensive Advanced Pathophysiology & Diagnostic Review for NR50Final Exam
Comprehensive Advanced Pathophysiology & Diagnostic Review for NR50
Final Exam
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_jtnnod
10. What is the mechanism PPIs irreversibly inhibit the gastric H+/K+ ATPase, providing the
of proton-pump inhibitors strongest acid suppression.
(PPIs)?
11. What are the risks associated Nutrient deficiency, enteric infection, and other adverse effects
with chronic PPI therapy? in susceptible patients.
12. What causes a peptic stric- Repeated acid injury, ulceration, collagen deposition, and cir-
ture? cumferential fibrosis that narrows the lumen.
13. What are key risk factors for Long-standing GERD, severe erosive esophagitis, hiatal hernia,
esophageal stricture? obesity, tobacco use, and impaired esophageal motility.
14. What is a hiatal hernia? Upward displacement of the stomach through the diaphrag-
matic hiatus.
15. What are treatment options Often no specific treatment is required.
for asymptomatic sliding hi-
atal hernia?
16. What is the classic symptom Pain beginning near the umbilicus and migrating to the right
of appendicitis? lower quadrant.
17. What is the initial cause of ap- Obstruction of the appendiceal lumen by a fecalith, lymphoid
pendicitis? hyperplasia, parasite, or tumor.
8/25/2026
, Comprehensive Advanced Pathophysiology & Diagnostic Review for NR50Final Exam
Comprehensive Advanced Pathophysiology & Diagnostic Review for NR50
Final Exam
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_jtnnod
18. What is the mnemonic for the Appendix obstruction -> Pressure -> Ischemia -> Perforation.
progression of appendicitis?
19. What are common symptoms Anorexia, nausea, vomiting, low-grade fever, rebound tender-
of appendicitis? ness, and guarding.
20. What lab findings support the Leukocytosis with neutrophilia, elevated CRP, and mild pyuria
diagnosis of appendicitis? or hematuria.
21. What imaging is useful for di- Graded-compression ultrasound.
agnosing appendicitis in chil-
dren and pregnant patients?
22. What is the significance of A normal WBC does not exclude early disease; diagnosis is
WBC count in diagnosing ap- clinical plus imaging.
pendicitis?
23. What are the risks for appen- Risk depends on age, comorbidities, perforation, and surgical
dectomy in adults? approach.
24. What is the treatment for Surgical repair is considered for refractory symptoms or com-
a large symptomatic parae- plications.
sophageal hernia?
25. What are the symptoms of Dysphagia or odynophagia.
esophagitis or stricture in
GERD?
26. What is the role of prokinetics Prokinetics are not routine; they may be considered only in
in GERD treatment? selected motility disorders.
27. What is the significance of the Pain with right hip extension suggests irritation of the retroce-
Psoas sign in appendicitis? cal appendix.
8/25/2026
, Comprehensive Advanced Pathophysiology & Diagnostic Review for NR50Final Exam
Comprehensive Advanced Pathophysiology & Diagnostic Review for NR50
Final Exam
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_jtnnod
28. What are key manifestations Bleeding, surgical-site infection, intra-abdominal abscess,
of surgical complications? anesthetic complications, injury to bowel, bladder, ureter, or
blood vessels.
29. What increases the risk of per- Delay in treatment increases perforation risk, which substan-
forated appendicitis? tially increases morbidity.
30. What is Peptic Ulcer Disease A break in the gastric or duodenal mucosa that extends through
(PUD)? the muscularis mucosae.
31. What are the aggressive fac- Acid, pepsin, Helicobacter pylori, NSAIDs, bile reflux, smoking.
tors that lead to PUD?
32. What are the mucosal defens- Mucus, bicarbonate, prostaglandin-mediated blood flow, ep-
es against PUD? ithelial repair, and tight junctions.
33. What are the two major caus- Helicobacter pylori and NSAIDs.
es of Peptic Ulcer Disease?
34. What is a mnemonic to re- Ulcer = acid attack greater than mucosal armor.
member the causes of ulcers?
35. What distinguishes gastric ul- Gastric ulcer pain worsens soon after eating; duodenal ulcer
cers from duodenal ulcers in pain improves with food.
terms of pain?
36. Patients may lose weight because eating triggers pain.
8/25/2026
