Pathophysiology and Clinical Aspects of Brain and Neurological Disorders
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1. What is ischemia? Decreased blood flow to the brain.
2. What immediate effect does is- It causes immediate neurologic dysfunction due to the
chemia have on neurons? inability to generate ATP.
3. What usually occurs together Hypoxia, or decreased oxygen at the cellular level.
with ischemia?
4. Why is neuronal tissue sensitive It has a high ATP requirement and limited capacity for
to oxygen deprivation? anaerobic metabolism.
5. How long can the brain sur- About 5-10 minutes.
vive without oxygen before irre-
versible damage occurs?
6. What are the two mechanisms Anaerobic metabolism and deterioration of ion gradients.
that can cause brain cell death?
7. What is the role of excessive glu- It acts as an excitotoxin and can lead to calcium overload
tamate in brain injury? injury.
8. What happens when reuptake Excess glutamate stimulates nearby neurons, leading to
mechanisms for glutamate fail? cytotoxic edema.
9. What does NMDA receptor acti- Nitric oxide production, which can increase reactive nitro-
vation stimulate? gen species.
10. What is reperfusion injury? Damage caused when oxygen reenters cells, producing
reactive oxygen products.
11.
, Pathophysiology and Clinical Aspects of Brain and Neurological Disorders
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What can lipid peroxidation lead Formation of arachidonic acid and more oxygen-free rad-
to? icals.
12. What is the normal intracranial 0-15 mm Hg.
pressure (ICP)?
13. What does the Monro-Kellie hy- Compensatory responses to changes in volume of brain
pothesis describe? tissue, CSF, or blood.
14. What can cause increased in- Space-occupying lesions, edema, obstruction, or excessive
tracranial pressure? CSF production.
15. What are the clinical manifes- Headache, vomiting, altered level of consciousness, blurry
tations of increased intracranial vision, and papilledema.
pressure (ICP)?
16. What happens as ICP rises to Level of consciousness decreases, pupil responsiveness to
higher levels? light becomes impaired, altered respiratory patterns occur,
and the patient may become unresponsive.
17. What is brain herniation? Protrusion of brain tissue through an opening in the sup-
porting dura, which can be deadly.
18. What are the types of herniation Subfalcine, tentorial, uncal, and tonsillar.
syndromes?
, Pathophysiology and Clinical Aspects of Brain and Neurological Disorders
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19. How is increased intracranial Based on diagnostic brain imaging (CT or MRI) and may
pressure typically managed? involve surgical or medical management.
20. What is the cerebral perfusion CPP should be greater than 60 mm Hg.
pressure (CPP) threshold to en-
sure adequate blood flow?
21. What is the most sensitive indi- Change in level of consciousness (LOC).
cator of altered brain function?
22. What does the Glasgow Coma It assesses level of consciousness in acutely brain-injured
Scale (GCS) assess? persons.
23. What are the classifications of Mild (GCS 13-15), moderate (GCS 9-12), severe (GCS 8 or
TBI severity based on GCS? below).
24. What are the types of primary Focal, polar, and diffuse injuries.
brain injury?
25. What is a concussion? A mild traumatic brain injury with alteration of conscious-
ness but no evidence of brain damage on CT.
26. What is an epidural hematoma? A collection of blood between the dura and skull, typically
involving arterial injury.
27. What are the symptoms of a sub- Symptoms may include headache, vomiting, and blurred
dural hematoma? vision, with onset varying from acute to chronic.
28. What is a subarachnoid hemor- A collection of blood between the arachnoid membrane
rhage? and pia mater, often due to ruptured cerebral aneurysms.
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_jsgfps
1. What is ischemia? Decreased blood flow to the brain.
2. What immediate effect does is- It causes immediate neurologic dysfunction due to the
chemia have on neurons? inability to generate ATP.
3. What usually occurs together Hypoxia, or decreased oxygen at the cellular level.
with ischemia?
4. Why is neuronal tissue sensitive It has a high ATP requirement and limited capacity for
to oxygen deprivation? anaerobic metabolism.
5. How long can the brain sur- About 5-10 minutes.
vive without oxygen before irre-
versible damage occurs?
6. What are the two mechanisms Anaerobic metabolism and deterioration of ion gradients.
that can cause brain cell death?
7. What is the role of excessive glu- It acts as an excitotoxin and can lead to calcium overload
tamate in brain injury? injury.
8. What happens when reuptake Excess glutamate stimulates nearby neurons, leading to
mechanisms for glutamate fail? cytotoxic edema.
9. What does NMDA receptor acti- Nitric oxide production, which can increase reactive nitro-
vation stimulate? gen species.
10. What is reperfusion injury? Damage caused when oxygen reenters cells, producing
reactive oxygen products.
11.
, Pathophysiology and Clinical Aspects of Brain and Neurological Disorders
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_jsgfps
What can lipid peroxidation lead Formation of arachidonic acid and more oxygen-free rad-
to? icals.
12. What is the normal intracranial 0-15 mm Hg.
pressure (ICP)?
13. What does the Monro-Kellie hy- Compensatory responses to changes in volume of brain
pothesis describe? tissue, CSF, or blood.
14. What can cause increased in- Space-occupying lesions, edema, obstruction, or excessive
tracranial pressure? CSF production.
15. What are the clinical manifes- Headache, vomiting, altered level of consciousness, blurry
tations of increased intracranial vision, and papilledema.
pressure (ICP)?
16. What happens as ICP rises to Level of consciousness decreases, pupil responsiveness to
higher levels? light becomes impaired, altered respiratory patterns occur,
and the patient may become unresponsive.
17. What is brain herniation? Protrusion of brain tissue through an opening in the sup-
porting dura, which can be deadly.
18. What are the types of herniation Subfalcine, tentorial, uncal, and tonsillar.
syndromes?
, Pathophysiology and Clinical Aspects of Brain and Neurological Disorders
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_jsgfps
19. How is increased intracranial Based on diagnostic brain imaging (CT or MRI) and may
pressure typically managed? involve surgical or medical management.
20. What is the cerebral perfusion CPP should be greater than 60 mm Hg.
pressure (CPP) threshold to en-
sure adequate blood flow?
21. What is the most sensitive indi- Change in level of consciousness (LOC).
cator of altered brain function?
22. What does the Glasgow Coma It assesses level of consciousness in acutely brain-injured
Scale (GCS) assess? persons.
23. What are the classifications of Mild (GCS 13-15), moderate (GCS 9-12), severe (GCS 8 or
TBI severity based on GCS? below).
24. What are the types of primary Focal, polar, and diffuse injuries.
brain injury?
25. What is a concussion? A mild traumatic brain injury with alteration of conscious-
ness but no evidence of brain damage on CT.
26. What is an epidural hematoma? A collection of blood between the dura and skull, typically
involving arterial injury.
27. What are the symptoms of a sub- Symptoms may include headache, vomiting, and blurred
dural hematoma? vision, with onset varying from acute to chronic.
28. What is a subarachnoid hemor- A collection of blood between the arachnoid membrane
rhage? and pia mater, often due to ruptured cerebral aneurysms.
