Latest BIOL 252 Human Anatomy & Physiology II w/Lab Module 9
Exam verified with correct answers plus rationales instant 2026/2027
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1. What is the primary function of the kidneys?
A. Produce digestive enzymes
B. Filter blood and regulate fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance
C. Store bile
D. Produce insulin
Answer: B. Filter blood and regulate fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance
Rationale: The kidneys remove metabolic wastes while regulating water, electrolytes, blood
pressure, and acid-base status.
2. What is the functional unit of the kidney?
A. Renal pelvis
B. Ureter
C. Nephron
D. Glomerulus
Answer: C. Nephron
Rationale: The nephron performs filtration, reabsorption, and secretion.
3. Where does filtration of blood occur within the nephron?
A. Loop of Henle
B. Collecting duct
C. Glomerulus
D. Distal convoluted tubule
Answer: C. Glomerulus
Rationale: Blood is filtered across the glomerular capillaries into Bowman's capsule.
4. What structure surrounds the glomerulus?
,A. Renal pelvis
B. Glomerular/Bowman's capsule
C. Collecting duct
D. Loop of Henle
Answer: B. Glomerular/Bowman's capsule
Rationale: Bowman's capsule receives the filtrate produced by glomerular filtration.
5. Which substance normally remains in the blood rather than entering the filtrate in
significant amounts?
A. Water
B. Glucose
C. Sodium ions
D. Large plasma proteins
Answer: D. Large plasma proteins
Rationale: The filtration barrier normally prevents most large proteins and blood cells from
entering the filtrate.
6. What is the correct sequence of filtrate flow through the nephron?
A. DCT → PCT → collecting duct → loop of Henle
B. PCT → loop of Henle → DCT → collecting duct
C. Loop of Henle → PCT → DCT → collecting duct
D. Collecting duct → PCT → loop of Henle → DCT
Answer: B. PCT → loop of Henle → DCT → collecting duct
Rationale: Filtrate flows from Bowman's capsule into the proximal tubule, loop of Henle, distal
tubule, and then collecting duct.
7. Which part of the nephron normally reabsorbs the greatest percentage of filtered water
and solutes?
A. Collecting duct
B. Distal convoluted tubule
,C. Proximal convoluted tubule
D. Renal pelvis
Answer: C. Proximal convoluted tubule
Rationale: The proximal convoluted tubule performs extensive reabsorption of water,
electrolytes, glucose, amino acids, and other substances.
8. Which hormone increases water reabsorption by the collecting ducts?
A. Insulin
B. Aldosterone only
C. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
D. Calcitonin
Answer: C. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Rationale: ADH increases water permeability of collecting ducts, allowing more water to return
to the bloodstream.
9. ADH is released from which structure?
A. Adrenal cortex
B. Thyroid gland
C. Posterior pituitary
D. Pancreas
Answer: C. Posterior pituitary
Rationale: ADH is synthesized in the hypothalamus and stored and released by the posterior
pituitary.
10. What is a major effect of aldosterone on the nephron?
A. Decreases sodium reabsorption
B. Increases sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion
C. Prevents water movement completely
D. Decreases blood volume directly
Answer: B. Increases sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion
, Rationale: Aldosterone promotes sodium retention and potassium secretion, particularly in the
distal nephron.
11. Which hormone is produced by the kidneys in response to decreased oxygen
availability?
A. ADH
B. Insulin
C. Erythropoietin
D. Thyroxine
Answer: C. Erythropoietin
Rationale: Erythropoietin stimulates red blood cell production in the bone marrow.
12. Which kidney hormone contributes to calcium homeostasis by activating vitamin D?
A. Renin
B. Calcitriol
C. Aldosterone
D. ADH
Answer: B. Calcitriol
Rationale: The kidneys convert vitamin D to its active form, calcitriol, which supports intestinal
calcium absorption.
13. What is the primary nitrogenous waste product excreted in urine?
A. Glucose
B. Oxygen
C. Urea
D. Albumin
Answer: C. Urea
Rationale: Urea is produced by the liver from amino acid metabolism and is excreted primarily
by the kidneys.
Exam verified with correct answers plus rationales instant 2026/2027
1. What is the primary function of the kidneys?
A. Produce digestive enzymes
B. Filter blood and regulate fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance
C. Store bile
D. Produce insulin
Answer: B. Filter blood and regulate fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance
Rationale: The kidneys remove metabolic wastes while regulating water, electrolytes, blood
pressure, and acid-base status.
2. What is the functional unit of the kidney?
A. Renal pelvis
B. Ureter
C. Nephron
D. Glomerulus
Answer: C. Nephron
Rationale: The nephron performs filtration, reabsorption, and secretion.
3. Where does filtration of blood occur within the nephron?
A. Loop of Henle
B. Collecting duct
C. Glomerulus
D. Distal convoluted tubule
Answer: C. Glomerulus
Rationale: Blood is filtered across the glomerular capillaries into Bowman's capsule.
4. What structure surrounds the glomerulus?
,A. Renal pelvis
B. Glomerular/Bowman's capsule
C. Collecting duct
D. Loop of Henle
Answer: B. Glomerular/Bowman's capsule
Rationale: Bowman's capsule receives the filtrate produced by glomerular filtration.
5. Which substance normally remains in the blood rather than entering the filtrate in
significant amounts?
A. Water
B. Glucose
C. Sodium ions
D. Large plasma proteins
Answer: D. Large plasma proteins
Rationale: The filtration barrier normally prevents most large proteins and blood cells from
entering the filtrate.
6. What is the correct sequence of filtrate flow through the nephron?
A. DCT → PCT → collecting duct → loop of Henle
B. PCT → loop of Henle → DCT → collecting duct
C. Loop of Henle → PCT → DCT → collecting duct
D. Collecting duct → PCT → loop of Henle → DCT
Answer: B. PCT → loop of Henle → DCT → collecting duct
Rationale: Filtrate flows from Bowman's capsule into the proximal tubule, loop of Henle, distal
tubule, and then collecting duct.
7. Which part of the nephron normally reabsorbs the greatest percentage of filtered water
and solutes?
A. Collecting duct
B. Distal convoluted tubule
,C. Proximal convoluted tubule
D. Renal pelvis
Answer: C. Proximal convoluted tubule
Rationale: The proximal convoluted tubule performs extensive reabsorption of water,
electrolytes, glucose, amino acids, and other substances.
8. Which hormone increases water reabsorption by the collecting ducts?
A. Insulin
B. Aldosterone only
C. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
D. Calcitonin
Answer: C. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Rationale: ADH increases water permeability of collecting ducts, allowing more water to return
to the bloodstream.
9. ADH is released from which structure?
A. Adrenal cortex
B. Thyroid gland
C. Posterior pituitary
D. Pancreas
Answer: C. Posterior pituitary
Rationale: ADH is synthesized in the hypothalamus and stored and released by the posterior
pituitary.
10. What is a major effect of aldosterone on the nephron?
A. Decreases sodium reabsorption
B. Increases sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion
C. Prevents water movement completely
D. Decreases blood volume directly
Answer: B. Increases sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion
, Rationale: Aldosterone promotes sodium retention and potassium secretion, particularly in the
distal nephron.
11. Which hormone is produced by the kidneys in response to decreased oxygen
availability?
A. ADH
B. Insulin
C. Erythropoietin
D. Thyroxine
Answer: C. Erythropoietin
Rationale: Erythropoietin stimulates red blood cell production in the bone marrow.
12. Which kidney hormone contributes to calcium homeostasis by activating vitamin D?
A. Renin
B. Calcitriol
C. Aldosterone
D. ADH
Answer: B. Calcitriol
Rationale: The kidneys convert vitamin D to its active form, calcitriol, which supports intestinal
calcium absorption.
13. What is the primary nitrogenous waste product excreted in urine?
A. Glucose
B. Oxygen
C. Urea
D. Albumin
Answer: C. Urea
Rationale: Urea is produced by the liver from amino acid metabolism and is excreted primarily
by the kidneys.
