FDNY CERTIFICATE OF FITNESS — P-98 PRACTICE
EXAM WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS AND RATIONALE
2026
Correct answers are marked in GREEN BOLD with a rationale.
Flammable & Combustible Liquids — Storage, Handling, Use & Dispensing
SECTION 1 — Classification & Definitions (Q1–20)
1. A flammable liquid is best defined as a liquid having a flash point below:
A) 50°F
B) 73°F
C) 100°F (37.8°C)
D) 200°F
Rationale: Flammable liquids have a flash point below 100°F. Combustible liquids have flash points at
or above 100°F.
2. The "flash point" of a liquid is:
A) The lowest temperature at which it gives off enough vapor to form an ignitable mixture with
air
B) The temperature at which it boils
C) The temperature at which it freezes
D) The temperature at which it explodes spontaneously
Rationale: Flash point is the minimum temperature at which a liquid produces ignitable vapors near
its surface.
3. Class IA flammable liquids have a flash point below 73°F and a boiling point below:
A) 90°F
, B) 100°F
C) 140°F
D) 200°F
Rationale: Class IA = flash point < 73°F AND boiling point < 100°F (most hazardous).
4. Gasoline is classified as which type of liquid?
A) Class IB flammable liquid
B) Class II combustible liquid
C) Class IIIA combustible liquid
D) Class IIIB combustible liquid
Rationale: Gasoline has a flash point of about -45°F and boiling point ≥100°F → Class IB.
5. Combustible liquids are divided into which classes?
A) IA, IB, IC
B) II, IIIA, IIIB
C) I, II, III only
D) A, B, C
Rationale: Combustibles = Class II, IIIA, and IIIB based on flash point ranges.
6. Class II combustible liquids have a flash point:
A) At or above 100°F but below 140°F
B) Below 73°F
C) At or above 140°F but below 200°F
D) At or above 200°F
Rationale: Class II = 100°F ≤ FP < 140°F.
7. Class IIIB combustible liquids have a flash point:
,A) Below 100°F
B) 100°F–140°F
C) 140°F–200°F
D) At or above 200°F
Rationale: Class IIIB liquids have flash points ≥ 200°F.
8. The "fire point" is:
A) The same as the flash point
B) The temperature at which a liquid produces vapors that will sustain continuous burning
C) The temperature at which a fire extinguisher fails
D) The maximum safe storage temperature
Rationale: Fire point sustains combustion, usually a few degrees above flash point.
9. "Vapor density" compares the weight of a vapor to:
A) Air
B) Water
C) Mercury
D) Hydrogen
Rationale: Vapor density compares vapor weight to air; most flammable vapors are heavier than air
and settle low.
10. Most flammable liquid vapors are heavier than air, meaning they will:
A) Rise to the ceiling
B) Travel along the floor and collect in low areas
C) Disperse instantly
D) Stay attached to the liquid
Rationale: Heavier-than-air vapors flow to low points, traveling to distant ignition sources.
, 11. The "flammable range" (explosive range) is the range between the:
A) Flash point and fire point
B) Lower Explosive Limit (LEL) and Upper Explosive Limit (UEL)
C) Boiling point and freezing point
D) Vapor density and specific gravity
Rationale: A vapor-air mixture only ignites between LEL and UEL.
12. A mixture below the LEL is said to be too:
A) Lean to burn
B) Rich to burn
C) Hot to burn
D) Cold to burn
Rationale: Below LEL = too lean (not enough fuel vapor).
13. A mixture above the UEL is said to be too:
A) Lean to burn
B) Rich to burn
C) Wet to burn
D) Dry to burn
Rationale: Above UEL = too rich (too much vapor, not enough oxygen).
14. "Specific gravity" compares the weight of a liquid to:
A) Air
B) Water
C) Gasoline
D) Oil
Rationale: Specific gravity compares liquid weight to water; many flammable liquids float on water.
EXAM WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS AND RATIONALE
2026
Correct answers are marked in GREEN BOLD with a rationale.
Flammable & Combustible Liquids — Storage, Handling, Use & Dispensing
SECTION 1 — Classification & Definitions (Q1–20)
1. A flammable liquid is best defined as a liquid having a flash point below:
A) 50°F
B) 73°F
C) 100°F (37.8°C)
D) 200°F
Rationale: Flammable liquids have a flash point below 100°F. Combustible liquids have flash points at
or above 100°F.
2. The "flash point" of a liquid is:
A) The lowest temperature at which it gives off enough vapor to form an ignitable mixture with
air
B) The temperature at which it boils
C) The temperature at which it freezes
D) The temperature at which it explodes spontaneously
Rationale: Flash point is the minimum temperature at which a liquid produces ignitable vapors near
its surface.
3. Class IA flammable liquids have a flash point below 73°F and a boiling point below:
A) 90°F
, B) 100°F
C) 140°F
D) 200°F
Rationale: Class IA = flash point < 73°F AND boiling point < 100°F (most hazardous).
4. Gasoline is classified as which type of liquid?
A) Class IB flammable liquid
B) Class II combustible liquid
C) Class IIIA combustible liquid
D) Class IIIB combustible liquid
Rationale: Gasoline has a flash point of about -45°F and boiling point ≥100°F → Class IB.
5. Combustible liquids are divided into which classes?
A) IA, IB, IC
B) II, IIIA, IIIB
C) I, II, III only
D) A, B, C
Rationale: Combustibles = Class II, IIIA, and IIIB based on flash point ranges.
6. Class II combustible liquids have a flash point:
A) At or above 100°F but below 140°F
B) Below 73°F
C) At or above 140°F but below 200°F
D) At or above 200°F
Rationale: Class II = 100°F ≤ FP < 140°F.
7. Class IIIB combustible liquids have a flash point:
,A) Below 100°F
B) 100°F–140°F
C) 140°F–200°F
D) At or above 200°F
Rationale: Class IIIB liquids have flash points ≥ 200°F.
8. The "fire point" is:
A) The same as the flash point
B) The temperature at which a liquid produces vapors that will sustain continuous burning
C) The temperature at which a fire extinguisher fails
D) The maximum safe storage temperature
Rationale: Fire point sustains combustion, usually a few degrees above flash point.
9. "Vapor density" compares the weight of a vapor to:
A) Air
B) Water
C) Mercury
D) Hydrogen
Rationale: Vapor density compares vapor weight to air; most flammable vapors are heavier than air
and settle low.
10. Most flammable liquid vapors are heavier than air, meaning they will:
A) Rise to the ceiling
B) Travel along the floor and collect in low areas
C) Disperse instantly
D) Stay attached to the liquid
Rationale: Heavier-than-air vapors flow to low points, traveling to distant ignition sources.
, 11. The "flammable range" (explosive range) is the range between the:
A) Flash point and fire point
B) Lower Explosive Limit (LEL) and Upper Explosive Limit (UEL)
C) Boiling point and freezing point
D) Vapor density and specific gravity
Rationale: A vapor-air mixture only ignites between LEL and UEL.
12. A mixture below the LEL is said to be too:
A) Lean to burn
B) Rich to burn
C) Hot to burn
D) Cold to burn
Rationale: Below LEL = too lean (not enough fuel vapor).
13. A mixture above the UEL is said to be too:
A) Lean to burn
B) Rich to burn
C) Wet to burn
D) Dry to burn
Rationale: Above UEL = too rich (too much vapor, not enough oxygen).
14. "Specific gravity" compares the weight of a liquid to:
A) Air
B) Water
C) Gasoline
D) Oil
Rationale: Specific gravity compares liquid weight to water; many flammable liquids float on water.
