Bio 202 Exam 3 Question and Answer [2026]
| UPDATED ACTUAL Exam | 100% Verified
Answers
• Avery-MacLeod-McCarty experiment -✓✓ demonstrated that DNA is the genetic
material because degradation of DNA led to a stop of bacterial transformation
• Hershey-Chase Experiment -✓✓ confirmed that DNA is the genetic material because
only radiolabeled DNA could be found in bacteriophage-infected bacteria
• Chargaff's Rule -✓✓ [A]=[T] and [G]=[C], they pair up across from one another forming
two strands also called base pairing.
• Primase -✓✓ An enzyme that joins RNA nucleotides to make the primer using the
parental DNA strand as a template.
• DNA polymerase III -✓✓ synthesizes new DNA only in the 5' to 3' direction — can only
add onto 3' end
• Helicase -✓✓ An enzyme that untwists the double helix of DNA at the replication forks.
• single stranded DNA binding proteins -✓✓ - bind to the unraveled strand preventing
the re-association of the DNA strands & degradation of DNA by nucleases
-Unpaired strands of DNA are very "sticky" so proteins are required to hold the 2
strands apart
• Topiosomerase -✓✓ relieves overwinding strain ahead of replication forks by breaking,
swiveling, and rejoining DNA strands. relieves torsional strain (supercoiling) and
untangles DNA strands, acting as a molecular swivel ahead of the replication fork. By
breaking and rejoining DNA strands, it prevents DNA damage and knotting, allowing
replication to proceed smoothly.
• DNA polymerase I -✓✓ Removes RNA nucleotides of primer from 5' end and replaces
them with DNA nucleotides added to 3' end of adjacent fragment
• DNA ligase -✓✓ enzyme that chemically links DNA fragments together. A linking
enzyme essential for DNA replication; catalyzes the covalent bonding of the 3' end of a
new DNA fragment to the 5' end of a growing chain.
• exonuclase activity -✓✓ the enzymatic process of removing nucleotides one at a time
from the ends (3' or 5') of a polynucleotide chain by breaking phosphodiester bonds. It is
, crucial for DNA proofreading (3'→5'), removing RNA primers during replication (5'→3'),
and repairing damaged DNA. DNA poly exhibits this.
• Telomere -✓✓ repetitive DNA at the end of a eukaryotic chromosome
• Telomere shortening -✓✓ chromosomes shorten every cell division. chromosome gets
too short, cell dies
• Telomerase -✓✓ An enzyme that catalyzes the lengthening of telomeres in eukaryotic
germ cells. Bound to an RNA template
• Okazaki fragment -✓✓ short segment of DNA synthesized discontinuously in small
segments in the 3' to 5' direction by DNA polymerase
• Lagging strand -✓✓ A discontinuously synthesized DNA strand that elongates by
means of Okazaki fragments, each synthesized in a 5' to 3' direction away from the
replication fork.
• Leading strand -✓✓ The new continuous complementary DNA strand synthesized
along the template strand in the mandatory 5' to 3' direction.
• Nucleosomes -✓✓ negative DNA wrapped twice around positive histone proteins
octomers.
• Cell cycle -✓✓ series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide —
reproduction, growth, tissue renewal
• Mitosis -✓✓ part of eukaryotic cell division during which the cell nucleus divides,
producing genetically identical daughter cells
• Euchromatin -✓✓ The less condensed form of eukaryotic chromatin that is available
for transcription.
• Heterochromatin -✓✓ Eukaryotic chromatin that remains highly compacted during
interphase and is generally not transcribed.— makes up centromere
• Centromere -✓✓ Area where the chromatids of a chromosome are most closely
attached
• kinetochore -✓✓ A specialized region on the centromere that links each sister
chromatid to the mitotic spindle.
• kinetochore microtubules -✓✓ Connects the centrosome with the kinetochore in the
centromere region of the chromosome.
| UPDATED ACTUAL Exam | 100% Verified
Answers
• Avery-MacLeod-McCarty experiment -✓✓ demonstrated that DNA is the genetic
material because degradation of DNA led to a stop of bacterial transformation
• Hershey-Chase Experiment -✓✓ confirmed that DNA is the genetic material because
only radiolabeled DNA could be found in bacteriophage-infected bacteria
• Chargaff's Rule -✓✓ [A]=[T] and [G]=[C], they pair up across from one another forming
two strands also called base pairing.
• Primase -✓✓ An enzyme that joins RNA nucleotides to make the primer using the
parental DNA strand as a template.
• DNA polymerase III -✓✓ synthesizes new DNA only in the 5' to 3' direction — can only
add onto 3' end
• Helicase -✓✓ An enzyme that untwists the double helix of DNA at the replication forks.
• single stranded DNA binding proteins -✓✓ - bind to the unraveled strand preventing
the re-association of the DNA strands & degradation of DNA by nucleases
-Unpaired strands of DNA are very "sticky" so proteins are required to hold the 2
strands apart
• Topiosomerase -✓✓ relieves overwinding strain ahead of replication forks by breaking,
swiveling, and rejoining DNA strands. relieves torsional strain (supercoiling) and
untangles DNA strands, acting as a molecular swivel ahead of the replication fork. By
breaking and rejoining DNA strands, it prevents DNA damage and knotting, allowing
replication to proceed smoothly.
• DNA polymerase I -✓✓ Removes RNA nucleotides of primer from 5' end and replaces
them with DNA nucleotides added to 3' end of adjacent fragment
• DNA ligase -✓✓ enzyme that chemically links DNA fragments together. A linking
enzyme essential for DNA replication; catalyzes the covalent bonding of the 3' end of a
new DNA fragment to the 5' end of a growing chain.
• exonuclase activity -✓✓ the enzymatic process of removing nucleotides one at a time
from the ends (3' or 5') of a polynucleotide chain by breaking phosphodiester bonds. It is
, crucial for DNA proofreading (3'→5'), removing RNA primers during replication (5'→3'),
and repairing damaged DNA. DNA poly exhibits this.
• Telomere -✓✓ repetitive DNA at the end of a eukaryotic chromosome
• Telomere shortening -✓✓ chromosomes shorten every cell division. chromosome gets
too short, cell dies
• Telomerase -✓✓ An enzyme that catalyzes the lengthening of telomeres in eukaryotic
germ cells. Bound to an RNA template
• Okazaki fragment -✓✓ short segment of DNA synthesized discontinuously in small
segments in the 3' to 5' direction by DNA polymerase
• Lagging strand -✓✓ A discontinuously synthesized DNA strand that elongates by
means of Okazaki fragments, each synthesized in a 5' to 3' direction away from the
replication fork.
• Leading strand -✓✓ The new continuous complementary DNA strand synthesized
along the template strand in the mandatory 5' to 3' direction.
• Nucleosomes -✓✓ negative DNA wrapped twice around positive histone proteins
octomers.
• Cell cycle -✓✓ series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide —
reproduction, growth, tissue renewal
• Mitosis -✓✓ part of eukaryotic cell division during which the cell nucleus divides,
producing genetically identical daughter cells
• Euchromatin -✓✓ The less condensed form of eukaryotic chromatin that is available
for transcription.
• Heterochromatin -✓✓ Eukaryotic chromatin that remains highly compacted during
interphase and is generally not transcribed.— makes up centromere
• Centromere -✓✓ Area where the chromatids of a chromosome are most closely
attached
• kinetochore -✓✓ A specialized region on the centromere that links each sister
chromatid to the mitotic spindle.
• kinetochore microtubules -✓✓ Connects the centrosome with the kinetochore in the
centromere region of the chromosome.
