NUR 376 Pathophysiology Modules 1, 2, 3
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,Distinguish between the 2 phases of acute inflammatory response - correct ans:Vascular phase:
momentary vascular constriction followed by along period of vascular permeability.
Cellular phase: attraction and rush of WBCs to the area of injury.
Define the following:
- vascular permeability
- exudate
- abscess
- transudate
- effusion - correct ans:Vascular permeability: blood vessels dilate and become more permeable to allow
platelets and WBCs to the area of injury.
Exudate: a fluid rich in protein from WBCs, microbes, and cellular debris.
Abscess: a localized, walled-off collection of purulent exudate (pus) within tissue.
Transudate: fluid that contains little protein and is mainly a watery filtrate.
Effusion: any accumulation of fluid in a body cavity.
Describe chemotaxis - correct ans:When a chemical signal from microbial agents, endothelial cells, and
WBCs attract platelets from other WBCs to the site of injury; movement towards a chemical signal.
Leukocytosis vs leukopenia - correct ans:Leukocytosis: an increased number of leukocytes are released
from the bone marrow into the blood stream.
Leukopenia: a reduction in total WBC number.
Identify the 8 inflammatory mediators - correct ans:Cytokines, chemokines, acute phase proteins, tumor
necrosis factor (TNF), interleukins, histamines, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes.
Describe what each of the following inflammatory mediators do:
- cytokines
- chemokines
,- acute phase proteins - correct ans:Cytokines: modulate the inflammatory reaction by
amplifying/deactivating the process; localized + systemic effects.
Chemokines: attracts leukocytes to the endothelium at area of injury.
Acute phase proteins: facilitate WBC phagocytosis of microbes and other foreign material, and assist in
the analysis of the inflammation process occurring.
List the origin and effects of tumor necrosis factor - correct ans:Origin: macrophages
Effects: fever, lack of appetite, and increased metabolism leading to cachexia and hypotension.
List the origin and effects of interleukins - correct ans:Origin: macrophages
Effects: fever, stimulates platelet production fatigue, anemia, and headache.
List the origin and effects of histamines - correct ans:Origin: mast cells, basophils, platelets
Effects: vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, and activates endothelium.
List the origin and effects of prostaglandins - correct ans:Origin: leukocytes
Effects: pain, fever, vasodilation, and muscle spasms.
List the origin and effects of leukotrienes - correct ans:Origin: leukocytes and mast cells
Effects: bronchospasm, bronchial edema, and increased vascular permeability.
What do each of the WBCs do?
- neutrophils
- leukocytes
- monocytes
- eosinophils
- basophils - correct ans:Neutrophils: phagocytosis of bacteria
Leukocytes: defense against viral and bacterial infections
Monocytes: phagocytosis + develops into macrophages
, Eosinophils: defense against parasitic worms and allergies
Basophils: defense against allergies and triggers inflammatory response
What is a left shift? - correct ans:When immature neutrophils are released from the bone marrow due
to an outpouring of cells, typically due to infection.
Describe the following:
- fever
- lymphadenopathy
- mast cells - correct ans:Fever: an increase in body temperature; a common manifestation of
inflammation and/or infection.
Lymphadenopathy: swollen lymph nodes from inflammation.
Mast cells: located in tissues adjacent to blood vessels and are the richest sources of histamine.
Cox-1 vs Cox-2 pathways - correct ans:Cox-1: the prostaglandins (PGs) created in cox-1 are needed to
secrete gastric mucus and enhance renal perfusion and thrombus formation.
Cox-2: the PGs created in cox-2 cause uncomfortable symptoms of inflammation, fever, edema, and
pain.
List and describe the 5 stages of infection - correct ans:1. incubation period: replication/no symptoms
2. prodromal stage: initial symptoms/highly contagious
3. acute stage: full of disease state/active immune system
4. convalescent stage: start of symptom resolution + pathogen elimination
5. resolution phase: total elimination of pathogen + symptoms
List some portals of entry - correct ans:Skin, respiratory tract, GI tract, genitourinary (GU) tract
List some modes of transmission - correct ans:Cough/sneeze (droplet), direct contact, blood-blood,
bodily fluid contact, maternal-fetal, airborne, contaminated food/drink.
(Exam 1 Review) Latest recent and
frequently tested with comprehensive
questions and verified accurate solution
(detailed & elaborated) GRADED A+
Professional Academic Assistance Services
Services Offered
Proctored Exam Assistance
Online Class Management (Full Course Support)
Exam Preparation & Study Materials
Assignments and Coursework Support
Essays and Research Papers
Discussion Posts and Replies
CONTACT INFORMATION
WHATAPPSLINK- https://wa.me/254784769540
,Distinguish between the 2 phases of acute inflammatory response - correct ans:Vascular phase:
momentary vascular constriction followed by along period of vascular permeability.
Cellular phase: attraction and rush of WBCs to the area of injury.
Define the following:
- vascular permeability
- exudate
- abscess
- transudate
- effusion - correct ans:Vascular permeability: blood vessels dilate and become more permeable to allow
platelets and WBCs to the area of injury.
Exudate: a fluid rich in protein from WBCs, microbes, and cellular debris.
Abscess: a localized, walled-off collection of purulent exudate (pus) within tissue.
Transudate: fluid that contains little protein and is mainly a watery filtrate.
Effusion: any accumulation of fluid in a body cavity.
Describe chemotaxis - correct ans:When a chemical signal from microbial agents, endothelial cells, and
WBCs attract platelets from other WBCs to the site of injury; movement towards a chemical signal.
Leukocytosis vs leukopenia - correct ans:Leukocytosis: an increased number of leukocytes are released
from the bone marrow into the blood stream.
Leukopenia: a reduction in total WBC number.
Identify the 8 inflammatory mediators - correct ans:Cytokines, chemokines, acute phase proteins, tumor
necrosis factor (TNF), interleukins, histamines, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes.
Describe what each of the following inflammatory mediators do:
- cytokines
- chemokines
,- acute phase proteins - correct ans:Cytokines: modulate the inflammatory reaction by
amplifying/deactivating the process; localized + systemic effects.
Chemokines: attracts leukocytes to the endothelium at area of injury.
Acute phase proteins: facilitate WBC phagocytosis of microbes and other foreign material, and assist in
the analysis of the inflammation process occurring.
List the origin and effects of tumor necrosis factor - correct ans:Origin: macrophages
Effects: fever, lack of appetite, and increased metabolism leading to cachexia and hypotension.
List the origin and effects of interleukins - correct ans:Origin: macrophages
Effects: fever, stimulates platelet production fatigue, anemia, and headache.
List the origin and effects of histamines - correct ans:Origin: mast cells, basophils, platelets
Effects: vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, and activates endothelium.
List the origin and effects of prostaglandins - correct ans:Origin: leukocytes
Effects: pain, fever, vasodilation, and muscle spasms.
List the origin and effects of leukotrienes - correct ans:Origin: leukocytes and mast cells
Effects: bronchospasm, bronchial edema, and increased vascular permeability.
What do each of the WBCs do?
- neutrophils
- leukocytes
- monocytes
- eosinophils
- basophils - correct ans:Neutrophils: phagocytosis of bacteria
Leukocytes: defense against viral and bacterial infections
Monocytes: phagocytosis + develops into macrophages
, Eosinophils: defense against parasitic worms and allergies
Basophils: defense against allergies and triggers inflammatory response
What is a left shift? - correct ans:When immature neutrophils are released from the bone marrow due
to an outpouring of cells, typically due to infection.
Describe the following:
- fever
- lymphadenopathy
- mast cells - correct ans:Fever: an increase in body temperature; a common manifestation of
inflammation and/or infection.
Lymphadenopathy: swollen lymph nodes from inflammation.
Mast cells: located in tissues adjacent to blood vessels and are the richest sources of histamine.
Cox-1 vs Cox-2 pathways - correct ans:Cox-1: the prostaglandins (PGs) created in cox-1 are needed to
secrete gastric mucus and enhance renal perfusion and thrombus formation.
Cox-2: the PGs created in cox-2 cause uncomfortable symptoms of inflammation, fever, edema, and
pain.
List and describe the 5 stages of infection - correct ans:1. incubation period: replication/no symptoms
2. prodromal stage: initial symptoms/highly contagious
3. acute stage: full of disease state/active immune system
4. convalescent stage: start of symptom resolution + pathogen elimination
5. resolution phase: total elimination of pathogen + symptoms
List some portals of entry - correct ans:Skin, respiratory tract, GI tract, genitourinary (GU) tract
List some modes of transmission - correct ans:Cough/sneeze (droplet), direct contact, blood-blood,
bodily fluid contact, maternal-fetal, airborne, contaminated food/drink.
