ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY II FINAL EXAM MASTERY GUIDE:
350 CONCEPT REVIEW QUESTIONS WITH DETAILED
EXPLANATIONS COVERING ENDOCRINE, BLOOD,
CARDIOVASCULAR, RESPIRATORY, DIGESTIVE, URINARY,
LYMPHATIC, IMMUNE, SKELETAL, MUSCULAR, AND NERVOUS
SYSTEMS (BASED ON IVY TECH A&P 102 STUDY MATERIALS)
1. Who regulates pituitary gland secretion?
Hypothalamus
2. What is a hormone and how does it act?
Hormones are chemical messengers responsible for regulation. They are
secreted into body fluids, mainly blood, and have specific actions on
target tissues, which are any tissue that has specific receptors for that
particular hormone.
3. How do pheromones differ from hormones?
Pheromones are chemical signals sent between members of the same
species and are a type of hormone released in small quantities playing a
big role in physical attraction between people, whereas hormones are
chemical messengers in the body.
4. What is the primary function of glucagon?
It stimulates the liver to break down glycogen and convert
noncarbohydrates into glucose, and it also stimulates the breakdown of
fats.
,5. What is the primary function of insulin?
It promotes the formation of glycogen from glucose, inhibits the
conversion of noncarbohydrates to glucose, enhances the movement of
glucose through adipose and muscle cell membranes (decreasing blood
glucose concentration), and promotes the transport of amino acids into
cells to enhance protein synthesis.
6. How do glucagon and insulin work together to control blood sugar?
Both work to keep blood glucose concentration constant; glucagon
breaks down glycogen into glucose to raise blood sugar, while insulin
forms glycogen from glucose to lower blood sugar.
7. How is inhibin used in the body?
It inhibits the anterior pituitary gland by negative feedback, preventing
over-secretion of FSH. It is secreted by cells of the testes and ovaries,
and FSH is a glycoprotein hormone.
8. What is the difference between paracrine, autocrine, and endocrine
regulation?
Paracrine hormones enter the interstitial fluid but affect only
neighboring cells; autocrine hormones affect only the secreting cell
itself; endocrine hormones are secreted from the interstitial fluid into
the bloodstream and act on target cells.
9. What is the function of exocrine glands?
They secrete hormones into tubes or ducts that lead to body surfaces.
10. Describe the mechanism of action for steroid hormones.
Sex hormones and adrenal cortex hormones (steroid hormones) diffuse
through cell membranes and enter the cytoplasm or nucleus. There,
they combine with a receptor protein to form a receptor-hormone
complex, which together binds to DNA and promotes transcription of
,messenger RNA. The mRNA enters the cytoplasm and directs protein
synthesis, producing the hormone's specific effects.
11. What does a tropic hormone do?
It stimulates the activity of other endocrine glands than those secreting
them.
12. What is the normal blood volume for an adult male?
About 6,600-6,200,000 (Note: Study guide states approximately 5-6
liters total, with a breakdown of 6,600-6,200,000 for RBCs; the total
volume is roughly 5-6 liters).
13. What is the normal blood volume for an adult female?
About 4,200-5,400,000 (Note: Total volume is roughly 4-5 liters).
14. What is the normal blood volume for a child?
About 4,500-5,100,000.
15. What percentage of blood volume does RBCs constitute?
8% of body weight, and RBCs are 45% of the blood volume.
16. What is the normal range for WBCs in an adult?
Usually 5,000-10,000 per cubic mm of blood.
17. What is the normal range for Platelets?
Usually 130,000-360,000 per cubic mm of blood.
18. What is the normal pH of blood?
Around 7.4.
19. What does it mean if a person is Rh positive?
The presence of antigen D or other Rh antigens on the RBC membranes.
20. What does it mean if a person is Rh negative?
The lack of these antigens (D or other Rh antigens).
, 21. How does the Rh factor affect a developing fetus and its mother?
If a mother is Rh negative and her baby is Rh positive, her antibodies
form to fight the Rh-positive blood cells. If a mother is Rh positive and
her baby is Rh negative, her antibodies attack the baby's RBC, leading to
complications like erythroblastosis fetalis or hemolytic disease.
22. What antigens are found on Type A blood?
A antigens on its cell surface and anti-B antibodies in its plasma.
23. What antigens are found on Type B blood?
B antigens on its cell surface and anti-A antibodies in its plasma.
24. What antigens are found on Type AB blood?
Both A and B antigens on its cell surface and no antibodies in its plasma.
It is the universal recipient.
25. What antigens are found on Type O blood?
No antigens on its cell surface, but both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in
its plasma. It is the universal donor.
26. What is the origin of Neutrophils?
Myeloid lineage (specific origin: bone marrow).
27. What is the origin of Eosinophils?
Myeloid lineage (specific origin: bone marrow).
28. What is the origin of Basophils?
Myeloid lineage (specific origin: bone marrow).
29. What is the origin of Monocytes?
Myeloid lineage (specific origin: bone marrow).
30. What is the origin of Lymphocytes?
Lymphoid lineage (specific origin: bone marrow/lymphoid tissue).
350 CONCEPT REVIEW QUESTIONS WITH DETAILED
EXPLANATIONS COVERING ENDOCRINE, BLOOD,
CARDIOVASCULAR, RESPIRATORY, DIGESTIVE, URINARY,
LYMPHATIC, IMMUNE, SKELETAL, MUSCULAR, AND NERVOUS
SYSTEMS (BASED ON IVY TECH A&P 102 STUDY MATERIALS)
1. Who regulates pituitary gland secretion?
Hypothalamus
2. What is a hormone and how does it act?
Hormones are chemical messengers responsible for regulation. They are
secreted into body fluids, mainly blood, and have specific actions on
target tissues, which are any tissue that has specific receptors for that
particular hormone.
3. How do pheromones differ from hormones?
Pheromones are chemical signals sent between members of the same
species and are a type of hormone released in small quantities playing a
big role in physical attraction between people, whereas hormones are
chemical messengers in the body.
4. What is the primary function of glucagon?
It stimulates the liver to break down glycogen and convert
noncarbohydrates into glucose, and it also stimulates the breakdown of
fats.
,5. What is the primary function of insulin?
It promotes the formation of glycogen from glucose, inhibits the
conversion of noncarbohydrates to glucose, enhances the movement of
glucose through adipose and muscle cell membranes (decreasing blood
glucose concentration), and promotes the transport of amino acids into
cells to enhance protein synthesis.
6. How do glucagon and insulin work together to control blood sugar?
Both work to keep blood glucose concentration constant; glucagon
breaks down glycogen into glucose to raise blood sugar, while insulin
forms glycogen from glucose to lower blood sugar.
7. How is inhibin used in the body?
It inhibits the anterior pituitary gland by negative feedback, preventing
over-secretion of FSH. It is secreted by cells of the testes and ovaries,
and FSH is a glycoprotein hormone.
8. What is the difference between paracrine, autocrine, and endocrine
regulation?
Paracrine hormones enter the interstitial fluid but affect only
neighboring cells; autocrine hormones affect only the secreting cell
itself; endocrine hormones are secreted from the interstitial fluid into
the bloodstream and act on target cells.
9. What is the function of exocrine glands?
They secrete hormones into tubes or ducts that lead to body surfaces.
10. Describe the mechanism of action for steroid hormones.
Sex hormones and adrenal cortex hormones (steroid hormones) diffuse
through cell membranes and enter the cytoplasm or nucleus. There,
they combine with a receptor protein to form a receptor-hormone
complex, which together binds to DNA and promotes transcription of
,messenger RNA. The mRNA enters the cytoplasm and directs protein
synthesis, producing the hormone's specific effects.
11. What does a tropic hormone do?
It stimulates the activity of other endocrine glands than those secreting
them.
12. What is the normal blood volume for an adult male?
About 6,600-6,200,000 (Note: Study guide states approximately 5-6
liters total, with a breakdown of 6,600-6,200,000 for RBCs; the total
volume is roughly 5-6 liters).
13. What is the normal blood volume for an adult female?
About 4,200-5,400,000 (Note: Total volume is roughly 4-5 liters).
14. What is the normal blood volume for a child?
About 4,500-5,100,000.
15. What percentage of blood volume does RBCs constitute?
8% of body weight, and RBCs are 45% of the blood volume.
16. What is the normal range for WBCs in an adult?
Usually 5,000-10,000 per cubic mm of blood.
17. What is the normal range for Platelets?
Usually 130,000-360,000 per cubic mm of blood.
18. What is the normal pH of blood?
Around 7.4.
19. What does it mean if a person is Rh positive?
The presence of antigen D or other Rh antigens on the RBC membranes.
20. What does it mean if a person is Rh negative?
The lack of these antigens (D or other Rh antigens).
, 21. How does the Rh factor affect a developing fetus and its mother?
If a mother is Rh negative and her baby is Rh positive, her antibodies
form to fight the Rh-positive blood cells. If a mother is Rh positive and
her baby is Rh negative, her antibodies attack the baby's RBC, leading to
complications like erythroblastosis fetalis or hemolytic disease.
22. What antigens are found on Type A blood?
A antigens on its cell surface and anti-B antibodies in its plasma.
23. What antigens are found on Type B blood?
B antigens on its cell surface and anti-A antibodies in its plasma.
24. What antigens are found on Type AB blood?
Both A and B antigens on its cell surface and no antibodies in its plasma.
It is the universal recipient.
25. What antigens are found on Type O blood?
No antigens on its cell surface, but both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in
its plasma. It is the universal donor.
26. What is the origin of Neutrophils?
Myeloid lineage (specific origin: bone marrow).
27. What is the origin of Eosinophils?
Myeloid lineage (specific origin: bone marrow).
28. What is the origin of Basophils?
Myeloid lineage (specific origin: bone marrow).
29. What is the origin of Monocytes?
Myeloid lineage (specific origin: bone marrow).
30. What is the origin of Lymphocytes?
Lymphoid lineage (specific origin: bone marrow/lymphoid tissue).
