1|Page
DHN 311 EXAM 1|CERTIFIED Q&A
2026
List 3 examples of how gene expression is regulated at the level of DNA. - correct-
answer - 1. Changes in access to DNA
i. Acetylation
ii. De-acetylation
iii. Methylation
2. Changes in the amount of DNA
i. Gene amplification
3. Changes in the arrangement of DNA (not common)
What are genetic variations? - correct-answer - Genetic variations: diversities in
gene expression
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List 3 ways that nutrients impact gene expression. - correct-answer - 1. DNA
methylation
2. Histone modification
3. RNA-associated silencing
what direction is the leading strand in? - correct-answer - 5'-->3' (continuous)
define nutrigenetics - correct-answer - Nutrigenetics: the study of how variations
in genes may increase or decrease the body's needs for specific nutrients.
i. The influence of genetic variability between individuals accounting for the
variations in health status and disease risk despite similarities in dietary intake
EX: PKU
define nutrigenomics - correct-answer - Nutrigenomics: the study of the effect of
specific nutrients on the expression of genes
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i. Concerned if certain dietary components turn genes on/off and whether that is
protective or detrimental to the development of chronic diseases
define epigenetics - correct-answer - Epigenetics: refers to the influence of
environment/lifestyle, age and disease conditions on changes in gene expression
without changing the DNA sequences
i. AKA there is a change in phenotype without a change in the genotype
*********These are HERITABLE
which direction is the lagging strand in? - correct-answer - 3'-->5' (discontinuous)
DNA polymerases synthesize the new DNA strands in only what direction? -
correct-answer - 5'-->3'
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smaller nucleobases that have a single-ringed structure are called? - correct-
answer - pyrimidines
thymine and cytosine are ___ - correct-answer - pyrimidines
larger nucleobases that have a double ringed structure are called - correct-answer
- purines
adenine and guanine are ___ - correct-answer - purines
what are two factors that affect the stability of the helix? - correct-answer - 1.
hydrophobic interactions between the stacked bases
2. hydrogen bonds between bases
DHN 311 EXAM 1|CERTIFIED Q&A
2026
List 3 examples of how gene expression is regulated at the level of DNA. - correct-
answer - 1. Changes in access to DNA
i. Acetylation
ii. De-acetylation
iii. Methylation
2. Changes in the amount of DNA
i. Gene amplification
3. Changes in the arrangement of DNA (not common)
What are genetic variations? - correct-answer - Genetic variations: diversities in
gene expression
,2|Page
List 3 ways that nutrients impact gene expression. - correct-answer - 1. DNA
methylation
2. Histone modification
3. RNA-associated silencing
what direction is the leading strand in? - correct-answer - 5'-->3' (continuous)
define nutrigenetics - correct-answer - Nutrigenetics: the study of how variations
in genes may increase or decrease the body's needs for specific nutrients.
i. The influence of genetic variability between individuals accounting for the
variations in health status and disease risk despite similarities in dietary intake
EX: PKU
define nutrigenomics - correct-answer - Nutrigenomics: the study of the effect of
specific nutrients on the expression of genes
,3|Page
i. Concerned if certain dietary components turn genes on/off and whether that is
protective or detrimental to the development of chronic diseases
define epigenetics - correct-answer - Epigenetics: refers to the influence of
environment/lifestyle, age and disease conditions on changes in gene expression
without changing the DNA sequences
i. AKA there is a change in phenotype without a change in the genotype
*********These are HERITABLE
which direction is the lagging strand in? - correct-answer - 3'-->5' (discontinuous)
DNA polymerases synthesize the new DNA strands in only what direction? -
correct-answer - 5'-->3'
, 4|Page
smaller nucleobases that have a single-ringed structure are called? - correct-
answer - pyrimidines
thymine and cytosine are ___ - correct-answer - pyrimidines
larger nucleobases that have a double ringed structure are called - correct-answer
- purines
adenine and guanine are ___ - correct-answer - purines
what are two factors that affect the stability of the helix? - correct-answer - 1.
hydrophobic interactions between the stacked bases
2. hydrogen bonds between bases
