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Mild: 20% blood loss, Symptoms: diaphoresis, increased
Mild Shock
cap refill, cool extremities, maternal anxiety
Moderate: 20-40% blood loss Symptoms: Tachycardia,
Moderate Shock
postural hypotension, oliguria
Severe: over 40% blood loss Symptoms: Hypotension, ag-
Severe Shock
itation/confusion, hemodynamic instability
Normally, the fertilized ovum implants in the uterus. In
ectopic pregnancy, the journey along the fallopian tube
is arrested or altered in some way. With an ectopic preg-
Pathophysiology of Ectopic Pregnancy nancy, the ovum implants outside the uterus. The most
common site for implantation is the fallopian tubes (96%),
but some ova may implant in the ovary, the intestine, the
cervix, or the abdominal cavity
Chlamydia infection resulting in tubal damage
Other associated risk factors for ectopic pregnancy include
previous tubal surgery, infertility, PID, previous pregnancy
loss (induced or spontaneous), use of an intrauterine
Risk factors of ectopic pregnancy contraceptive system, previous ectopic pregnancy, uterine
fibroids, sterilization, smoking (which alters tubal motility),
history of multiple sexual partners, use of progestin-only
oral contraceptives, douching, and exposure to diethyl-
stilbestrol
The WHO classification of gestational trophoblastic dis-
ease (GTD) includes disorders of placental development
Gestational Trophoblastic Disease Definition
(hydatidiform mole) and neoplasms of the trophoblast
(choriocarcinoma)
Gestational Trophoblastic Disease Therapeutic Manage-
ment
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Treatment consists of immediate evacuation of the uterine
contents as soon as the diagnosis is made and long-term
follow-up of the client to detect any remaining trophoblas-
tic tissue that might become malignant. D&C is used to
empty the uterus. The tissue obtained is sent to the labo-
ratory for analysis to evaluate for choriocarcinoma. Serial
levels of hCG are used to detect residual trophoblastic
tissue for 1 year. If any tissue remains, hCG levels will not
regress.
As a result of the increased risk for cancer, the client is
advised to receive extensive follow-up therapy for the next
12 months. The follow-up protocol may include:
Baseline hCG level, chest radiograph, and pelvic ultra-
sound
Quantitative hCG levels every week until undetectable for
three consecutive weeks; then serial hCG levels monthly
for 1 year
Chest radiograph every 6 months to detect pulmonary
metastasis
Regular pelvic examinations to assess uterine and ovarian
regression
Systemic assessments for symptoms indicative of lung,
brain, liver, or vaginal metastasis
Strong recommendation to avoid pregnancy for 1 year
because the pregnancy can interfere with the monitoring
of hCG levels
Use of a reliable contraceptive for at least 1 year
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The nurse plays a crucial role in identifying and bringing
this condition to the attention of the health care provider
based on sound knowledge of the typical clinical manifes-
tations and astute prenatal assessments.
Clinical manifestations of GTD are similar to those of spon-
taneous abortion at about 12 weeks of pregnancy. Assess
the woman for potential clinical manifestations at each
prenatal visit. Be alert for the following:
Report of early signs of pregnancy, such as amenorrhea,
breast tenderness, fatigue
Brownish vaginal bleeding/spotting
Anemia
Inability to detect a fetal heart rate after 10 to 12 weeks'
gestation
Fetal parts not evident with palpation
Bilateral ovarian enlargement caused by cysts and elevat-
ed levels of hCG
Persistent, often severe nausea and vomiting (due to high
hCG levels)
Fluid retention and swelling
Uterine size larger than expected for pregnancy dates
Extremely high hCG levels present; no single value consid-
ered diagnostic
Early development of preeclampsia (usually not present
until after 24 weeks)
Absence of fetal heart rate or fetal activity
Expulsion of grape-like vesicles (possible in some
women)
The diagnosis is made by high hCG levels and the char-
acteristic appearance of the vesicular molar pattern in the
uterus via transvaginal ultrasound.