GEY 3601 - Aging and Human
Performance: Chapter 5-Questions and
Answers.
The body's action always occurs through : - Answer muscle contractions.
skeletal muscles - Answer allow us to engage in voluntary actions or movements, such as
walking, running, and jumping. (600)
order for connective tissue coverings of a skeletal muscle from the outermost to innermost -
Answer epimysium, perimysium, endomysium, sarcolemma
The two main categories of skeletal muscle fiber types that differ in physiological properties : -
Answer 1. Type I (slow-twitch fibers)
2. Type II (fast-twitch fibers)
Type I Skeletal Muscle Fibers : (slow-twitch fibers) - Answer have the ability to create more
sustainable energy to fuel aerobic activities of longer duration. rely primarily on oxidative
pathways and therefore require oxygen to create energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate
(ATP).
Type II Skeletal Muscle Fibers : (fast-twitch fibers) - Answer have the capacity to rapidly
generate energy to fuel explosive, quick, and powerful anaerobic activities. (rapid generation of
energy)
primarily uses glycolytic pathways — do not primarily rely on oxygen to create energy in the
form of ATP, as they also rely on a short-term glycolytic system.
type II fast-twitch skeletal muscle fibers can be categorized into : - Answer type IIa fibers, type
IIx fibers, or type IIb fibers.
Type IIa fibers ( fast-oxidative-glycolytic skeletal muscle fibers ) : - Answer have properties of
both type I and type II because they have the ability to generate fast contraction speeds but can
use energy from both aerobic and anaerobic pathways
Type IIx fibers : - Answer has the potential to create skeletal muscle contractions of the highest
velocity. They solely rely on anaerobic (glycolytic) pathways to create energy for movement.
Type IIb fibers - Answer ("true" fast-glycolytic skeletal muscle fibers)
, isometric skeletal muscle contraction : - Answer the skeletal muscle length remains the same;
no shortening of the sarcomere; increased tention of the skeletal muscle
Skeletal muscle contractions that result in movement fall under the isotonic skeletal muscle
contraction category.
There are two subtypes of isotonic contractions : - Answer 1. Concentric contractions, in which
the skeletal muscle generates enough force to shorten and exceed the force of gravity
EX : flexion phase of a bicep curl
2. Eccentric contractions, in which the skeletal muscle lengthens as a result of generating less
force than gravity
EX : extension phase of a bicep curl
isokinetic skeletal muscle contractions : - Answer involve movement, or contraction, at a
constant velocity rather than a constant load; measured in laboratory settings by using pieces of
equipment specific to this type of contraction, including Biodex or Cybex.
The biological process of aging systematically alters both the ___________ and
______________of skeletal muscle throughout the life span - Answer quantity and quality
Sarcopenia - Answer ("poverty of flesh") when the reduction of skeletal muscle reaches a
certain threshold
Sarcopenia affects (%) of the community-dwelling older adult population and long-term care
residents - Answer Sarcopenia affects 14% to 18% of the community-dwelling older adult
population and an estimated 30% or more of long-term care residents
Dynapenia - Answer ("poverty of strength") describes the natural age-related loss of skeletal
muscle strength (maximum voluntary force generation capacity) and skeletal muscle power (a
product of force times velocity)
dynapenia has been shown to increase the risk of - Answer physical disabilities , poor physical
performance and function , and premature mortality among older adults.
low skeletal muscle strength and dynapenia is associated with worsened - Answer cardio-
metabolic health, cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, and metabolic syndrome
Performance: Chapter 5-Questions and
Answers.
The body's action always occurs through : - Answer muscle contractions.
skeletal muscles - Answer allow us to engage in voluntary actions or movements, such as
walking, running, and jumping. (600)
order for connective tissue coverings of a skeletal muscle from the outermost to innermost -
Answer epimysium, perimysium, endomysium, sarcolemma
The two main categories of skeletal muscle fiber types that differ in physiological properties : -
Answer 1. Type I (slow-twitch fibers)
2. Type II (fast-twitch fibers)
Type I Skeletal Muscle Fibers : (slow-twitch fibers) - Answer have the ability to create more
sustainable energy to fuel aerobic activities of longer duration. rely primarily on oxidative
pathways and therefore require oxygen to create energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate
(ATP).
Type II Skeletal Muscle Fibers : (fast-twitch fibers) - Answer have the capacity to rapidly
generate energy to fuel explosive, quick, and powerful anaerobic activities. (rapid generation of
energy)
primarily uses glycolytic pathways — do not primarily rely on oxygen to create energy in the
form of ATP, as they also rely on a short-term glycolytic system.
type II fast-twitch skeletal muscle fibers can be categorized into : - Answer type IIa fibers, type
IIx fibers, or type IIb fibers.
Type IIa fibers ( fast-oxidative-glycolytic skeletal muscle fibers ) : - Answer have properties of
both type I and type II because they have the ability to generate fast contraction speeds but can
use energy from both aerobic and anaerobic pathways
Type IIx fibers : - Answer has the potential to create skeletal muscle contractions of the highest
velocity. They solely rely on anaerobic (glycolytic) pathways to create energy for movement.
Type IIb fibers - Answer ("true" fast-glycolytic skeletal muscle fibers)
, isometric skeletal muscle contraction : - Answer the skeletal muscle length remains the same;
no shortening of the sarcomere; increased tention of the skeletal muscle
Skeletal muscle contractions that result in movement fall under the isotonic skeletal muscle
contraction category.
There are two subtypes of isotonic contractions : - Answer 1. Concentric contractions, in which
the skeletal muscle generates enough force to shorten and exceed the force of gravity
EX : flexion phase of a bicep curl
2. Eccentric contractions, in which the skeletal muscle lengthens as a result of generating less
force than gravity
EX : extension phase of a bicep curl
isokinetic skeletal muscle contractions : - Answer involve movement, or contraction, at a
constant velocity rather than a constant load; measured in laboratory settings by using pieces of
equipment specific to this type of contraction, including Biodex or Cybex.
The biological process of aging systematically alters both the ___________ and
______________of skeletal muscle throughout the life span - Answer quantity and quality
Sarcopenia - Answer ("poverty of flesh") when the reduction of skeletal muscle reaches a
certain threshold
Sarcopenia affects (%) of the community-dwelling older adult population and long-term care
residents - Answer Sarcopenia affects 14% to 18% of the community-dwelling older adult
population and an estimated 30% or more of long-term care residents
Dynapenia - Answer ("poverty of strength") describes the natural age-related loss of skeletal
muscle strength (maximum voluntary force generation capacity) and skeletal muscle power (a
product of force times velocity)
dynapenia has been shown to increase the risk of - Answer physical disabilities , poor physical
performance and function , and premature mortality among older adults.
low skeletal muscle strength and dynapenia is associated with worsened - Answer cardio-
metabolic health, cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, and metabolic syndrome
