ESL 154 Exam
Pragmatics Appropriate use of language in different contexts; social use of language
What are two examples of critical components for the Oral language development and phonological/phonemic awareness
second language learner?
ELLs need ____________________ of L2 before they can make Phonology
connections between letter and sound.
___________________ awareness instruction focuses on the Phonological
sounds in spoken language. It is auditory and does not
involve print.
Target Sound Sound to be transcribed
An English language learner is experiencing difficulty The associated target sound
with an aspect of English phonology. In order to
address a difficulty in this area, the student's teacher
should initially focus instruction on what?
Phoneme The smallest distinctive sound unit
What are some best practices strategies to promote Teach phonics in context
literacy development for ELLs? Use hands on activities to help teach letter-sound relationships
Have students write for sound
Help students make a connection between their L1 and English.
The approach of teachers making students see them Write for sound - they learn to represent words phonetically in their writing
writing down their exact words to reinforce their
understanding of the relationship between written and
oral language trains students to...?
Content Based Instruction + 3 Models CBI: requires students to practice language skills in a highly integrated,
communicative way while learning content
3 Models:
1) theme-based - language skills are integrated in the study of themes or broad
topics
2) adjunct - language and content courses are taught separately but closely
coordinated
3) sheltered - English is simplified to ELL's level of proficiency while teaching
content
Why is combining sentences to make complex Most of the sentences used in writing or in continuous speech are complex.
sentences an important exercise to help ESL students
advance in their writing abilities?
, ESL 154 Exam
Literal comprehension Understanding of the basic facts that the student has read; grasping and
interpreting text
Inferential comprehension Understanding of information that isn't explicitly given, but rather implied in a
written passage. (make predictions); make inferences
What are sentence stems and why are they used? Sentence starters followed by blank lines.
Provide scaffolding to help students get started in speaking or writing without
the added pressure of thinking about how to correctly formulate a response.
Academic language and sentence structure is difficult for ELLs. Stems help with
proper sentence structure. They help build an understanding of syntactic
structure
Decoding Reader's ability to use knowledge of the relationships between letters in print
and the speech sounds they represent in order to identify an unfamiliar word.
Word roots Main words or parts to which prefixes and suffixes can be added
Affixes Parts added to the beginning (prefix) or end (suffix) of a root word to create
new words.
Alphabetic Principle Understanding that letters and letter patterns represent the sounds of spoken
words.
Phonemic Awareness Being able to identify speech sounds
Example: student able to tell the difference between /b/ and /t/.
NOT related to the printed symbols representing those sounds
Structural Analysis Breaking a word down by isolating its prefixes and suffixes to better identify
the word
Phonics Matching the sound of letters to the printed symbols for those letters.
Example: student sees the letter /t/ and knows the sound that letter makes;
Non-Tonal Languages Tone, not grammar, is used to distinguish words which would otherwise be
homonyms. Pitch is used to distinguish word meaning
Graphophonemic Knowledge Recognition of letters and the understanding of sound-symbol relationships
and spelling patterns; often referred to as phonics
Coordinating Conjunctions (FANBOYS) Join grammatically similar elements (2 nouns, 2 verbs, 2 modifiers, 2
independent clauses); for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so;
Infinitive phrase Phrases that begin with an infinitive. (to + simple form of the verb)
, ESL 154 Exam
Subordinate clause Subject + Verb - cannot stand alone as a sentence because it does not provide
a complete thought.
Independent clause Expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence. Has both a
subject and a verb.
One of the most obvious types of ______________ cue Forward cue transfer
____________ by Spanish speakers acquiring English as a
second language is in the use of prepositions. It is easy
for them to mix up the use of corresponding English
preposition because they are not differentiated in
Spanish
What is another name for prepositions? Satellites
Forward transfer The individual may apply knowledge from their native language (L1) in the
acquisition of their second language
English is a language of __________ irregularities (frequency Phonetic
with which the same symbols are used to represent
different sounds)
Functionalist Perspective Communicative situation motivates, constrains, or otherwise determines
grammatical structure.
Their account of language development focus on language performance as
driven by input from the environment.
Which provides linguistic information that allows mappings between language
forms and language functions.
Cognitive explanation Knowledge of language arises out of language use and is intimately tied to
more general learning strategies.
Language development is supposed to be guided by these principles. The
development of the child's thinking determines when the child can learn to
speak and what the child can say
Interactionist perspective Language is considered a communicative behavior that develops through
interaction with other human beings
Suggests that language development occurs largely as a result of behavioral
reinforcement in a child's environment.
Nativist Theories Language acquisition occurs largely as a result of an innate biological process.
All humans have an innate ability to acquire language; children are born with a
hard-wired language acquisition device (LAD) in their brains; human brain is
predisposed to process language input according to some preset principles
and will formulate rules for the comprehension and production of language.
Pragmatics Appropriate use of language in different contexts; social use of language
What are two examples of critical components for the Oral language development and phonological/phonemic awareness
second language learner?
ELLs need ____________________ of L2 before they can make Phonology
connections between letter and sound.
___________________ awareness instruction focuses on the Phonological
sounds in spoken language. It is auditory and does not
involve print.
Target Sound Sound to be transcribed
An English language learner is experiencing difficulty The associated target sound
with an aspect of English phonology. In order to
address a difficulty in this area, the student's teacher
should initially focus instruction on what?
Phoneme The smallest distinctive sound unit
What are some best practices strategies to promote Teach phonics in context
literacy development for ELLs? Use hands on activities to help teach letter-sound relationships
Have students write for sound
Help students make a connection between their L1 and English.
The approach of teachers making students see them Write for sound - they learn to represent words phonetically in their writing
writing down their exact words to reinforce their
understanding of the relationship between written and
oral language trains students to...?
Content Based Instruction + 3 Models CBI: requires students to practice language skills in a highly integrated,
communicative way while learning content
3 Models:
1) theme-based - language skills are integrated in the study of themes or broad
topics
2) adjunct - language and content courses are taught separately but closely
coordinated
3) sheltered - English is simplified to ELL's level of proficiency while teaching
content
Why is combining sentences to make complex Most of the sentences used in writing or in continuous speech are complex.
sentences an important exercise to help ESL students
advance in their writing abilities?
, ESL 154 Exam
Literal comprehension Understanding of the basic facts that the student has read; grasping and
interpreting text
Inferential comprehension Understanding of information that isn't explicitly given, but rather implied in a
written passage. (make predictions); make inferences
What are sentence stems and why are they used? Sentence starters followed by blank lines.
Provide scaffolding to help students get started in speaking or writing without
the added pressure of thinking about how to correctly formulate a response.
Academic language and sentence structure is difficult for ELLs. Stems help with
proper sentence structure. They help build an understanding of syntactic
structure
Decoding Reader's ability to use knowledge of the relationships between letters in print
and the speech sounds they represent in order to identify an unfamiliar word.
Word roots Main words or parts to which prefixes and suffixes can be added
Affixes Parts added to the beginning (prefix) or end (suffix) of a root word to create
new words.
Alphabetic Principle Understanding that letters and letter patterns represent the sounds of spoken
words.
Phonemic Awareness Being able to identify speech sounds
Example: student able to tell the difference between /b/ and /t/.
NOT related to the printed symbols representing those sounds
Structural Analysis Breaking a word down by isolating its prefixes and suffixes to better identify
the word
Phonics Matching the sound of letters to the printed symbols for those letters.
Example: student sees the letter /t/ and knows the sound that letter makes;
Non-Tonal Languages Tone, not grammar, is used to distinguish words which would otherwise be
homonyms. Pitch is used to distinguish word meaning
Graphophonemic Knowledge Recognition of letters and the understanding of sound-symbol relationships
and spelling patterns; often referred to as phonics
Coordinating Conjunctions (FANBOYS) Join grammatically similar elements (2 nouns, 2 verbs, 2 modifiers, 2
independent clauses); for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so;
Infinitive phrase Phrases that begin with an infinitive. (to + simple form of the verb)
, ESL 154 Exam
Subordinate clause Subject + Verb - cannot stand alone as a sentence because it does not provide
a complete thought.
Independent clause Expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence. Has both a
subject and a verb.
One of the most obvious types of ______________ cue Forward cue transfer
____________ by Spanish speakers acquiring English as a
second language is in the use of prepositions. It is easy
for them to mix up the use of corresponding English
preposition because they are not differentiated in
Spanish
What is another name for prepositions? Satellites
Forward transfer The individual may apply knowledge from their native language (L1) in the
acquisition of their second language
English is a language of __________ irregularities (frequency Phonetic
with which the same symbols are used to represent
different sounds)
Functionalist Perspective Communicative situation motivates, constrains, or otherwise determines
grammatical structure.
Their account of language development focus on language performance as
driven by input from the environment.
Which provides linguistic information that allows mappings between language
forms and language functions.
Cognitive explanation Knowledge of language arises out of language use and is intimately tied to
more general learning strategies.
Language development is supposed to be guided by these principles. The
development of the child's thinking determines when the child can learn to
speak and what the child can say
Interactionist perspective Language is considered a communicative behavior that develops through
interaction with other human beings
Suggests that language development occurs largely as a result of behavioral
reinforcement in a child's environment.
Nativist Theories Language acquisition occurs largely as a result of an innate biological process.
All humans have an innate ability to acquire language; children are born with a
hard-wired language acquisition device (LAD) in their brains; human brain is
predisposed to process language input according to some preset principles
and will formulate rules for the comprehension and production of language.
