ESL Praxis Practice Test
Negative Transfer interference of previous learning inprocess of learning something new
Interlanguage language system "inbetween" L1 & L2 that student develops while learning the
L2 but is neither L1 or L2
SUP Social underlying proficiency (conversational language)
CUP Common underlying proficiency - commonalities between L1 & L2, skills, ideas,
concepts that students learn in L1 transfer to L2
BICS Cummins-Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills - social setting language
skills
CALP Cummins-Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency - languatge needed to
acquire academic skills and concepts
Cummins Quadrant A-cognitively undemanding/context embedded; B-cognitively
demanding/context embedded; C-cognitively undemanding/context reduced;
D-cognitively demanding/context reduced
Phoneme class of speech sounds, ie. /t/
Allophone one of a phones that make up a phoneme, ie. /t/ -> [t], [th], [ſ]
Monothong one part vowel
Diphthong two part vowels consisting of a vowel and a glide in same syllable
Reduced Vowel occurs in unstressed word or syllable -schwa most common
Phonology organization of speech sounds
Homophone two words pronounced the same but different meaning, ie. carrot & carat
Homonym two words spelled the same but that mean different things, ie. left & left
Contrastive change of meaning by replacing one sound (phoneme) with another
Non-Contrastive change in sound (phoneme) does not change the meaning
, ESL Praxis Practice Test
Minimal Pair two words w/ different meanings that are pronounced the same except for one
sound that differs, ie. team & teen
Palatization when a consonant becomes like a neighboring sound, ie. [d]->[dЗ], did you eat
Digraph single sound represented by two letters, ie. siNG -> ŋ
Consonant Digraph ch, sh, th, wh
Consonant Blend two or more consonants together and each sound is heard, ie. "blend"
Intonation pattern of pitch movement across a sentence, the meaning of the sentence can
depend in part on the intonation, it also helps mark boundaries of a syntactic
unit
Graphophonics sound relationship between the orthography and phonology of a language
Morphology study of word formation
Morphemes smallest linguistic unit that can have meaning or grammatical function - 1 word =
1 morph
Affix added pieces to a word (prefix, suffix) - change meaning or syntactic function
to what attaches to
Bound Morpheme has to be attached to something else for it to mean something
Free Morpheme can stand alone and mean something
Syntax how words combine to form phrases and ultimately sentences
Subject position immediately before verb
Object position immediately after verb (direct object)
Prepositions used to express thing involvedin action, possesor, spatial relations, ie. with, in,
or into, for, before, without, over, under
Adverbs express manner, attutude, jusdgment of speaker, frequency, time, place, cause,
or degree (answer how, when, where, how much), ie. quickLY, fast, often
Negative Transfer interference of previous learning inprocess of learning something new
Interlanguage language system "inbetween" L1 & L2 that student develops while learning the
L2 but is neither L1 or L2
SUP Social underlying proficiency (conversational language)
CUP Common underlying proficiency - commonalities between L1 & L2, skills, ideas,
concepts that students learn in L1 transfer to L2
BICS Cummins-Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills - social setting language
skills
CALP Cummins-Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency - languatge needed to
acquire academic skills and concepts
Cummins Quadrant A-cognitively undemanding/context embedded; B-cognitively
demanding/context embedded; C-cognitively undemanding/context reduced;
D-cognitively demanding/context reduced
Phoneme class of speech sounds, ie. /t/
Allophone one of a phones that make up a phoneme, ie. /t/ -> [t], [th], [ſ]
Monothong one part vowel
Diphthong two part vowels consisting of a vowel and a glide in same syllable
Reduced Vowel occurs in unstressed word or syllable -schwa most common
Phonology organization of speech sounds
Homophone two words pronounced the same but different meaning, ie. carrot & carat
Homonym two words spelled the same but that mean different things, ie. left & left
Contrastive change of meaning by replacing one sound (phoneme) with another
Non-Contrastive change in sound (phoneme) does not change the meaning
, ESL Praxis Practice Test
Minimal Pair two words w/ different meanings that are pronounced the same except for one
sound that differs, ie. team & teen
Palatization when a consonant becomes like a neighboring sound, ie. [d]->[dЗ], did you eat
Digraph single sound represented by two letters, ie. siNG -> ŋ
Consonant Digraph ch, sh, th, wh
Consonant Blend two or more consonants together and each sound is heard, ie. "blend"
Intonation pattern of pitch movement across a sentence, the meaning of the sentence can
depend in part on the intonation, it also helps mark boundaries of a syntactic
unit
Graphophonics sound relationship between the orthography and phonology of a language
Morphology study of word formation
Morphemes smallest linguistic unit that can have meaning or grammatical function - 1 word =
1 morph
Affix added pieces to a word (prefix, suffix) - change meaning or syntactic function
to what attaches to
Bound Morpheme has to be attached to something else for it to mean something
Free Morpheme can stand alone and mean something
Syntax how words combine to form phrases and ultimately sentences
Subject position immediately before verb
Object position immediately after verb (direct object)
Prepositions used to express thing involvedin action, possesor, spatial relations, ie. with, in,
or into, for, before, without, over, under
Adverbs express manner, attutude, jusdgment of speaker, frequency, time, place, cause,
or degree (answer how, when, where, how much), ie. quickLY, fast, often
