Dukes PATHOMA Deck (New Update) Questions & Answers -Grade A- 100- Correct (Verified Solutions)

Dukes PATHOMA Deck (New 2026/ 2027
Update) Questions & Answers {Grade A}
100% Correct (Verified Solutions)

What MHC molecules do CD4 cells use? CD8? - correct answer CD4 - MHC II CD8 -


MHC I




What 2 signals are required for T cell activation? - correct answer Binding of


antigen/MHC complex to TCR, Co-stimulation - B7/CD28 interaction for CD4+, IL-2 for


CD8+




What is the 2nd signal for CD4 helper T cell activation? - correct answer B7 (on APC)


binds CD28 ;(on CD4+ T cell)




What cytokines do Th1 cells secrete? What functions do they perform?; - correct


answer IFN-³ has 3 key functions:; 1) activates macrophages 2) promotes class-


switching from IgM to IgG 3) skews helper response towards Th1 IL-2 - co-stimulation


for CD8+ T cell activation

,What cytokines do Th2 cells secrete? What are their functions?; - correct answer IL-4


(facilitates B cell class switching to IgG and IgE) IL-5 ( eosinophil chemotaxis and


activation, maturation of B cells to plasma cells, and class switching to IgA ) IL-10 (Th2


skewing) IL-13 (functions like IL-4)




What cells express MHC I? What does MHC I do?; - correct answer Expressed on all


nucleated cells in the body and platelets (RBCs are the only exception).;MHC I presents


intracellular antigen to CD8 T cells *Interesting to note, the body has developed


mechanisms for dealing with pathogens that disrupt MHC I killing - namely, NK cells




How are B cells activated (2 pathways)? - correct answer 1) Antigen binds to surface


IgM or IgD; results in maturation to IgM or IgD secreting plasma cells. -or- 1) B cell


presents antigen to CD4+ helper T cells via MHC class II 2) CD40 (on B cells) binds to

CD40L (on CD4 T cell) 3) CD4 T cell secretes IL-4 and IL-5 to induce class switching,


hypermutation, maturation

,What is the 2nd signal for B cell activation? - correct answer CD40 (on B cell)


interaction CD40L (on helper T cell)




What is the 2nd signal for CD8 T cell activation? - correct answer IL-2 from CD4 Th1




How do cytotoxic CD8 T cells kill (2 pathways)? - correct answer 1) secretion of


perforin or granzyme; 2) by the expression of FasL , which binds Fas on target cells;




What's the defining, key feature of granulomas? - correct answer Epithelioid


histiocytes




Describe the structure of a granuloma:; - correct answer A collection of epithelioid


histiocytes (macrophages with abundant pink cytoplasm), surrounded by giant cells

and a rim of lymphocytes

, What are 2 broad categories of chronic inflammation? - correct answer Granulomatous


and non-granulomatous




What are the 2 categories of granulomatous inflammation? - correct answer Caseating


and non-caseating




What distinguishes caseating granulomas from non-caseating granulomas? What


organisms cause caseating granulomas?; - correct answer Central necrosis (interior


cells lack nuclei). Characteristic of tuberculosis and fungal infections




Describe non-caseating granulomatous inflammation. Common causes?; - correct


answer Lacks central necrosis. ; Reaction to foreign material sarcoidosis beryllium


exposure Crohn disease Bartonella




What disease is associated with stellate-shaped granulomas? - correct answer Cat


scratch disease (Bartonella);