VICTIMOLOGY FINAL EXAM Questions AND Answers1 Updated 2026

VICTIMOLOGY FINAL
EXAM Questions AND
Answers Updated 2026
DeathsBfromBchildBabuseBandBneglectB-BAnswerB-
overallBdeathBrate:B2.20BdeathsBperB100,000Bchildren

-offender:B80%BkilledBbyBoneBorBbothBparents

-typeBofBmaltreatment:B~70%BofBdeathsBdueBtoBneglect,B~44%BdueBtoBphysicalBabuse

-age:~70%BofBchildrenBthatBdiedBwereByoungerBthanB3

-genderBfatalityBrate:B2.54BboysBperB100,000Bboys,B1.94BgirlsBperB100,000Bgirls



typesBofBoffendersBofBinfanticideB-BAnswerB-31%BkilledBbyBfathers

-30%BkilledBbyBmothers

-23%BkilledBbyBmaleBacquaintances

-7%BkilledBbyBotherBrelativesB

-3%BkilledBbyBstrangers



TheoriesBofBchildBmaltreatmentB-BAnswerB-intraindividualBtheories

-theoriesBofBpsychopathology

-socioculturalBexplanations

-socialBlearningBapproach



intraindividualBtheoriesB-
BAnswerBviewBchildBmaltreatmentBasBtheBproductBofBsomeBinternalBdefectBorBflawBi
nsideBtheBabuser

-theoriesBofBpsychopathologyBfallsBunderBthisB(mentalBimbalancesBinBoffender)

,socioculturalBexplanationsB-BAnswerB-
lookBatBeventsBthatBareBexternalBtoBtheBabuser,BparticularlyBsourcesBofBstressBsuchBa
sBunemployement,BfamilyBsize,BchildBspacing,BandBsocialBisolation

-lackBofBcopingBstrategies



socialBlearningBapproachB-BAnswerB-individualsBlearnBviolentBbehavior.B

-behaviorsBthatBareBrewardedBorBunpunished,BwillBbeBmoreBlikelyBtoBoccur



safeBhavenBlawsB-BAnswerB-
allowsBaBparentBorBguardianBtoBabandonBanBinfantBwithoutBfearBofBcriminalBcharges

-
mostBstatesBallowBinfantsB(upBtoB72BhoursBold,B2Bmoth,BorBotherBage,BdependsBonB
state)BtoBbeBdroppedBoffBatBhospitals,BhealthBcareBfacilities,BlawBenforcementBagencie
s,BemergencyBserviceBproviders,BandBfireBstations.

-attemptBtoBreduceBinfantBabandonmentBandBinfanticide



SEXUALBVICTIMIZATIONB-BAnswerB



commonBlawBdefinitionBofBrapeBupBuntilBtheB70'sB-BAnswerB-
"carnalBknowledgeBbyBaBmaleBofBaBfemale,BwhoBisBnotBhisBwife,BforciblyBandBagainst
BherBwill"

-
criticisms:BonlyBincludesBincidentsBinvolvingBmaleBoffender/femaleBvictim,BtheBonlyBact
BincludedBinBpenialBpenetration,BdoesntBincludeBmaritalBrape.



rapeBreformBfollowingBmichiganB-BAnswerB-
manyBstatesBfollowedBmichigansBleadBandBhadBtheBnewBgoalBtoBshiftBtheBfocusBaway
BfromBtheBvictimBandBtowardBtheBbehaviorBofBtheBdefendant

-thisBgoalBisBrefelcetedBinB4BthemesBofBrapeBreformBlegislation



1stBgeneralBthemeBofBrapeBreformBlegislationB-BAnswerB-theBredefinitionBofBrape

-mostBstatesBnowBincludeBactsBotherBthanBtheB"traditional"Brape

, -mostBreplacedBtheBtermBrapeBwithBtheBgeneralBtermBsexualBassault.

-mostBlawsBnowBrecognizeBthatBmalesBcanBbeBvictimsBtoo



2ndBthemeBofBrapeBreformBlegislationB-BAnswerB-
TheBeliminationBorBmodificationBofBtheBresistanceBrequirementB

-
manyBstatesBpreviouslyBrequiredBproofBthatBvictimBresistedBb/cBitBwasBeasiestBwayBto
BproveBnonconsent

-
criticismsBofBresistanceBrequirement:BthisBrequirementBisBuniqueBtoBrape,BakaBnotBre
quiredBforBotherBoffenses.BItBmadeBprosecutionBnearlyBimpossible.BItBbasicallyBobligat
edBvictimsBtoBriskBadditionalBharm.



3rdBthemeBofBrapeBreformB-BAnswerB-EliminationBofBtheBcorroborationBrequirement

-
thisBrequirementBprohibitedBconvictionBforBrapeBwithoutBotherBevidenceBtoBcorrobora
teBtheBtestimonyBofBtheBvictim

-
evidenceBtoBcorroborateBincludedBobviousBphysicalBinjuries,BmedicalBandBforensicBevid
ence,BandBtestimonyBofBeyewitnessBorB3rdBparty.

-
criticismsBorBrequirement:BalsoBuniqueBtoBrape.BAlsoBmadeBcasesBvirtuallyBimpossible
BtoBprosecute.



4thBthemeBofBrapeBreformB-BAnswerB-TheBestablishmentBofBrape-shieldBlaws

-
theseBlawsBlimitBorBprohibitBtheBadmissibilityBofBaBvictimsBsexualBhistoryBinBcrossBex
aminationB

-
designedBtoBpreventBtrialBtacticBwhereBdefenseBsuggestsBaBsexuallyBactiveBwomenBsh
ouldBbeBpresumedBtoBhaveBconsented.