Portage Pathophysiology Module 5
Exam with correct answers 100% 2026
The respiratory system can be divided into what 2 structures? - Correct Answerconducting
airways and respiratory tissues
What are the levels of branching? - Correct AnswerTrachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
Where is the site of gas exchange? - Correct AnswerAlveoli
What cells are in the alveolar epithelium? - Correct AnswerType 1 and II alveolar cells,
macrophages
Describe what happens during inspiration and expiration: - Correct AnswerDuring inspiration,
air is drawn into the lungs as the respiratory muscles expand the chest cavity. During expiration,
air moves out of the lungs as the chest muscles relax and the chest cavity becomes smaller.
What occurs with the diaphragm during inspiration and expiration - Correct AnswerThe
diaphragm is the main muscle of inspiration. When the diaphragm contracts (inspiration), the
chest expands. Upon expiration, the chest cavity decreases and pressure inside increases.
What is lung compliance? What factors affect it? - Correct AnswerLung compliance is the ease
with which lungs can be inflated. Elastin, collagen, elastic recoil, and surface tension can affect
lung compliance.
What is ventilation? Perfusion? Diffusion? - Correct AnswerVentilation is the movement of
gases into and out of the lungs. Perfusion is the process that allows blood flow to help facilitate
gas exchange. Diffusion is the movement of gases across the alveolar-capillary membrane.
, What is oxyhemoglobin? - Correct AnswerOxyhemoglobin is the term to describe when
hemoglobin is bound with oxygen.
What is affinity? - Correct AnswerThe ability of the hemoglobin molecule to bind oxygen in the
lungs and release it in the tissues depends on the affinity of the molecule.
How is carbon dioxide transported in the blood? - Correct AnswerAs dissolved carbon dioxide,
attached to hemoglobin, as bicarbonate
How is breathing controlled? - Correct AnswerThe automatic regulation is controlled by both
chemoreceptors and lung receptors. Chemoreceptors monitor blood levels of oxygen, carbon
dioxide, and pH and adjusts ventilation accordingly. Lung receptors monitor breathing patterns
and lung function.
What are the characteristics of COPD? - Correct AnswerThe pathogenesis of COPD includes
inflammation and fibrosis of the bronchial wall, hypertrophy of the submucosal glands and
hypersecretion of mucus, and loss of elastic lung fibers and alveolar tissue. This airflow
obstruction causes a mismatch in ventilation and perfusion. Alveolar tissue destruction leads to
a decreased surface area for gas exchange.
What is the leading risk factor for COPD? - Correct AnswerSmoking
What are the characteristics of asthma? - Correct AnswerAsthma is a chronic respiratory
disease characterized by airway obstruction, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, airway
inflammation, and in some cases, airway remodeling.
What is atopy? - Correct AnswerAtopy is the genetic tendency for developing IgE-mediated
hypersensitivity reactions in response to environmental allergens. It is one of the strongest
predisposing factors for developing asthma.
Exam with correct answers 100% 2026
The respiratory system can be divided into what 2 structures? - Correct Answerconducting
airways and respiratory tissues
What are the levels of branching? - Correct AnswerTrachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
Where is the site of gas exchange? - Correct AnswerAlveoli
What cells are in the alveolar epithelium? - Correct AnswerType 1 and II alveolar cells,
macrophages
Describe what happens during inspiration and expiration: - Correct AnswerDuring inspiration,
air is drawn into the lungs as the respiratory muscles expand the chest cavity. During expiration,
air moves out of the lungs as the chest muscles relax and the chest cavity becomes smaller.
What occurs with the diaphragm during inspiration and expiration - Correct AnswerThe
diaphragm is the main muscle of inspiration. When the diaphragm contracts (inspiration), the
chest expands. Upon expiration, the chest cavity decreases and pressure inside increases.
What is lung compliance? What factors affect it? - Correct AnswerLung compliance is the ease
with which lungs can be inflated. Elastin, collagen, elastic recoil, and surface tension can affect
lung compliance.
What is ventilation? Perfusion? Diffusion? - Correct AnswerVentilation is the movement of
gases into and out of the lungs. Perfusion is the process that allows blood flow to help facilitate
gas exchange. Diffusion is the movement of gases across the alveolar-capillary membrane.
, What is oxyhemoglobin? - Correct AnswerOxyhemoglobin is the term to describe when
hemoglobin is bound with oxygen.
What is affinity? - Correct AnswerThe ability of the hemoglobin molecule to bind oxygen in the
lungs and release it in the tissues depends on the affinity of the molecule.
How is carbon dioxide transported in the blood? - Correct AnswerAs dissolved carbon dioxide,
attached to hemoglobin, as bicarbonate
How is breathing controlled? - Correct AnswerThe automatic regulation is controlled by both
chemoreceptors and lung receptors. Chemoreceptors monitor blood levels of oxygen, carbon
dioxide, and pH and adjusts ventilation accordingly. Lung receptors monitor breathing patterns
and lung function.
What are the characteristics of COPD? - Correct AnswerThe pathogenesis of COPD includes
inflammation and fibrosis of the bronchial wall, hypertrophy of the submucosal glands and
hypersecretion of mucus, and loss of elastic lung fibers and alveolar tissue. This airflow
obstruction causes a mismatch in ventilation and perfusion. Alveolar tissue destruction leads to
a decreased surface area for gas exchange.
What is the leading risk factor for COPD? - Correct AnswerSmoking
What are the characteristics of asthma? - Correct AnswerAsthma is a chronic respiratory
disease characterized by airway obstruction, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, airway
inflammation, and in some cases, airway remodeling.
What is atopy? - Correct AnswerAtopy is the genetic tendency for developing IgE-mediated
hypersensitivity reactions in response to environmental allergens. It is one of the strongest
predisposing factors for developing asthma.
