BIO 331 Exam 3/ Final with correct
answers 100% 2026
fixed action pattern - Correct Answerex: A herring gull (Larus argentatus) chick is known to
respond to the presence of a red spot by opening its mouth and begging for food.
caused by a network of neurons in response to the standard red-color stimulus (referred to as a
SIGN STIMULUS or RELEASER).
Innate Releasing Mechanism (IRM) - Correct AnswerA mechanism in the animal's nervous
system that serves to connect the stimulus with the right response.
internal processing - Correct Answer1. sensory neurons receive and decode
2. info transmitted along axons through dendrites to relay neurons
3. regions of brain and spinal cord redirect info via motor neurons back out of body (muscles,
skeletomuscular)
Salient Stimuli - Correct Answermost noticeable or important stimuli, ignoring non essential
stimuli
neural acclimation - Correct Answertuning out irrelevant stimuli
Specialization - Correct Answertuning in with special sensitivity to particular elements of stimuli
Central Pattern Generator (CPG) - Correct Answera centrally located control mechanism that
produces mainly genetically defined actions such as walking or a sea slugs dorsal and ventral
felxion
,List the three main functional aspects of neurons controlling animal behaviors - Correct
AnswerSalience, specialization, and redundancy.
Responding to the right stimuli (salience)
with the right response (specialization)
are critical for animal fitness.
Having a backup plan is nice
(redundancy)
but not as key for survival responses.
ZENK - Correct Answergene that codes for a protein that is expressed in particular parts of the
brain after the bird hears the song of its own species
- For birds that only listen to these songs but do not sing in response, the protein can be
detected only in certain brain structures associated with auditory processing. For those birds
that respond vocally after hearing their species' song, the ZENK protein is also detected in the
regions of the brain that control song production. The ZENK protein is a transcription factor
HVC - Correct Answerhigh vocal center nucleus
dense collection of neurons connects to the robust nucleus of the arcopallium (mercifully
shortened by anatomists to RA), which in turn is linked with the tracheosyringeal portion of the
hypoglossal nucleus (whose less successful acronym is nXIIts).
The fact that HVC and RA can communicate with nXIIts, which connects to the syrinx - Correct
Answersuggests that these brain elements exert control over singing behavior
the experimental destruction of this center, or surgical cuts through the neural pathway leading
from RA to nXIIts, should have devastating effects on a bird's ability to sing, which they do
, Other brain nuclei appear to be essential for song learning, rather than for song production. -
Correct AnswerOne such nucleus is the lateral magnocellular nucleus of the anterior
nidopallium (LMAN), which projects to area X, another nucleus in the forebrain that is
important for song learning. A team led by Arthur Arnold demonstrated that lesioning LMAN in
juvenile male zebra finches disrupted song development
Hormones - Correct Answerinternally produced and circulated chemicals that regulate body
processes including behavior
-metabolism, hunger, sex drive, health
Steriods - Correct Answer-sex steroids(testosterone, estrogen)
-glucocorticoids (cortisol)
ex testosterone
peptide and protein hormones - Correct Answer-releasing growth hormones
-insulin
-LH/FSH (lutinizing hormone or follicle stimulation hormone)
-prolactin, oxytocin
monoamine hormones - Correct Answer-dopamine serotonin, melatonin
-epinephrine and norepinephrine
WHY do hormones control behavior - Correct Answergenes
environment
>> hormones
answers 100% 2026
fixed action pattern - Correct Answerex: A herring gull (Larus argentatus) chick is known to
respond to the presence of a red spot by opening its mouth and begging for food.
caused by a network of neurons in response to the standard red-color stimulus (referred to as a
SIGN STIMULUS or RELEASER).
Innate Releasing Mechanism (IRM) - Correct AnswerA mechanism in the animal's nervous
system that serves to connect the stimulus with the right response.
internal processing - Correct Answer1. sensory neurons receive and decode
2. info transmitted along axons through dendrites to relay neurons
3. regions of brain and spinal cord redirect info via motor neurons back out of body (muscles,
skeletomuscular)
Salient Stimuli - Correct Answermost noticeable or important stimuli, ignoring non essential
stimuli
neural acclimation - Correct Answertuning out irrelevant stimuli
Specialization - Correct Answertuning in with special sensitivity to particular elements of stimuli
Central Pattern Generator (CPG) - Correct Answera centrally located control mechanism that
produces mainly genetically defined actions such as walking or a sea slugs dorsal and ventral
felxion
,List the three main functional aspects of neurons controlling animal behaviors - Correct
AnswerSalience, specialization, and redundancy.
Responding to the right stimuli (salience)
with the right response (specialization)
are critical for animal fitness.
Having a backup plan is nice
(redundancy)
but not as key for survival responses.
ZENK - Correct Answergene that codes for a protein that is expressed in particular parts of the
brain after the bird hears the song of its own species
- For birds that only listen to these songs but do not sing in response, the protein can be
detected only in certain brain structures associated with auditory processing. For those birds
that respond vocally after hearing their species' song, the ZENK protein is also detected in the
regions of the brain that control song production. The ZENK protein is a transcription factor
HVC - Correct Answerhigh vocal center nucleus
dense collection of neurons connects to the robust nucleus of the arcopallium (mercifully
shortened by anatomists to RA), which in turn is linked with the tracheosyringeal portion of the
hypoglossal nucleus (whose less successful acronym is nXIIts).
The fact that HVC and RA can communicate with nXIIts, which connects to the syrinx - Correct
Answersuggests that these brain elements exert control over singing behavior
the experimental destruction of this center, or surgical cuts through the neural pathway leading
from RA to nXIIts, should have devastating effects on a bird's ability to sing, which they do
, Other brain nuclei appear to be essential for song learning, rather than for song production. -
Correct AnswerOne such nucleus is the lateral magnocellular nucleus of the anterior
nidopallium (LMAN), which projects to area X, another nucleus in the forebrain that is
important for song learning. A team led by Arthur Arnold demonstrated that lesioning LMAN in
juvenile male zebra finches disrupted song development
Hormones - Correct Answerinternally produced and circulated chemicals that regulate body
processes including behavior
-metabolism, hunger, sex drive, health
Steriods - Correct Answer-sex steroids(testosterone, estrogen)
-glucocorticoids (cortisol)
ex testosterone
peptide and protein hormones - Correct Answer-releasing growth hormones
-insulin
-LH/FSH (lutinizing hormone or follicle stimulation hormone)
-prolactin, oxytocin
monoamine hormones - Correct Answer-dopamine serotonin, melatonin
-epinephrine and norepinephrine
WHY do hormones control behavior - Correct Answergenes
environment
>> hormones
