BIOL 331 Final Exam Review with
correct answers 100% 2026
Plant cell structure and function is what? - Correct AnswerConserved (mostly; with some
differences that may exist)
By saying that plant cell structure and function is conserved, what kinds of things related to it
are being conserved? - Correct AnswerOrganelles, structures, metabolic processes, genes, etc.
Why is there no cell migration in plant cells? - Correct AnswerThe plant cells are glued to each
others' neighbours
About how many different plant cell types are ther? - Correct Answer50
What are peroxisomes and what do they do? - Correct AnswerPeroxisomes are vesicles that
produce and break down hydrogen peroxide which have several different functions in different
cell types, including de-toxification and breakdown of radical oxygen species and fatty acid
chains.
How can a specific type of plant cell suddenly become a different plant cell type? - Correct
AnswerThe differentiated plant cell can de-differentiate and then divide to differentiate again to
form a new specialized cell type
When can reprogramming occur? - Correct AnswerUnder certain conditions
What is totipotency? - Correct AnswerWhen a particular cell is able to form any other cell type
in the entire organism (in this case, the entire plant)
What is a protoplast? - Correct AnswerA cell that has its cell wall removed
,What is a callus culture? What is it analagous to? - Correct AnswerA culture of de-differentiated
single-cell protoplasts growing in disorganized cell masses; it is analogous to a tumor found in
animal cells
Why is totipotency important in biotechnology? - Correct AnswerCan be used to create
transgenic plants
How are transgenic plants made? - Correct AnswerA gene is inserted into the genome that is
stored in the nucleus of a totipotent cell to make the plant transgenic
What is an example of a characteristic that can be gained by becoming a transgenic plant? -
Correct AnswerHerbicide resistance
What happens to 95% of the canola produced in Canada? - Correct AnswerIt is genetically
modified to be herbicide resistant.
What is a DNA particle gun? How does it work? - Correct AnswerIt is used to make transgenic
plants. Plant cells get bombarded with DNA coated pellets from the DNA particle gun which
uses gunpowder and a "bullet" to help launch the pellets out. The DNA coated pellets contain
the transgene and after bombardment, the plant cells that now contain the transgene are
selected and induced to form complete plants which have each of their cells containing the
transgene
Why is movement within plant cells considered dynamic? - Correct AnswerDue to cytoplasmic
streaming
What do root hairs do? - Correct AnswerIncrease surface area for absorption of water and
minerals; root hairs also have a role in anchoring the plant
,What is cytoplasmic streaming? What is it driven by? - Correct AnswerMovement of the
cytoplasm throughout a cell; it is driven by organelle movement, especially by actin and myosin
motors which act very quickly to drive the process of cytoplasmic streaming
What does plant root hair growth involve? - Correct AnswerInvolves cell division but mostly cell
elongation
Where is vesicular transport located? - Correct AnswerAt the plant Golgi stacks
What are the 3 different fates of the vesicles which bud out of the trans golgi network (TGN)? -
Correct Answer1) Going to the plasma membrane
2) Going to a lytic vacuole
3) Going to a protein storage vacuole
How do plant Golgi stacks move? - Correct AnswerThey move along actin filaments (using
myosin motors) that are associated with ER
How big are Golgi bodies? - Correct Answer2 microns (um) in size
What kind of structures are Golgi bodies? What does this mean? - Correct AnswerPunctate
structures; this means that the structures are marked by pores and/or by very small, point-like
depressions
What kind of structure is the ER? What does this mean? - Correct AnswerReticulate structure;
this means that the structure is created by interconnected bars in the form of triangles to create
a network
When the Golgi stack is moving along the actin filaments, which end is facing the direction of
movement and which end is facing the opposite direction? (cis or trans) - Correct AnswerThe
, cis end is facing the direction of the movement of the Golgi bodies while the trans end is facing
away from that direction
When does the Golgi stack pause when moving along the actin filaments at why? - Correct
AnswerIt will pause at an ER export site to pick up vesicles from the ER and fuse with the cis
face and then the Golgi stack will continue moving along the filament afterwards
What is plant myosin XI? How long is each step? - Correct AnswerThe fastest myosin; takes 35
nm-long steps
How long is a single helical turn of an actin filament? - Correct Answer35 nm
What connects myosin on an actin filament to the organelle that is being carried along actin? -
Correct AnswerAdaptor protein
What are the three domains that make up myosin? (Start from actin to adaptor protein) -
Correct AnswerMotor domain, neck domain, and then tail domain
Which end of the actin filament does cargo move towards using plant myosin XI? - Correct
Answer+ (barbed) end
What is Arabidopsis? - Correct AnswerModel often used for studying plants, specifically myosin-
mediated vesicle movement along actin filaments in root hair cells in this case
What does each myosin step across an actin filament require? How many steps occur per
second? - Correct AnswerAt least 1 ATP must be hydrolyzed per step; 200 steps occur per
second
correct answers 100% 2026
Plant cell structure and function is what? - Correct AnswerConserved (mostly; with some
differences that may exist)
By saying that plant cell structure and function is conserved, what kinds of things related to it
are being conserved? - Correct AnswerOrganelles, structures, metabolic processes, genes, etc.
Why is there no cell migration in plant cells? - Correct AnswerThe plant cells are glued to each
others' neighbours
About how many different plant cell types are ther? - Correct Answer50
What are peroxisomes and what do they do? - Correct AnswerPeroxisomes are vesicles that
produce and break down hydrogen peroxide which have several different functions in different
cell types, including de-toxification and breakdown of radical oxygen species and fatty acid
chains.
How can a specific type of plant cell suddenly become a different plant cell type? - Correct
AnswerThe differentiated plant cell can de-differentiate and then divide to differentiate again to
form a new specialized cell type
When can reprogramming occur? - Correct AnswerUnder certain conditions
What is totipotency? - Correct AnswerWhen a particular cell is able to form any other cell type
in the entire organism (in this case, the entire plant)
What is a protoplast? - Correct AnswerA cell that has its cell wall removed
,What is a callus culture? What is it analagous to? - Correct AnswerA culture of de-differentiated
single-cell protoplasts growing in disorganized cell masses; it is analogous to a tumor found in
animal cells
Why is totipotency important in biotechnology? - Correct AnswerCan be used to create
transgenic plants
How are transgenic plants made? - Correct AnswerA gene is inserted into the genome that is
stored in the nucleus of a totipotent cell to make the plant transgenic
What is an example of a characteristic that can be gained by becoming a transgenic plant? -
Correct AnswerHerbicide resistance
What happens to 95% of the canola produced in Canada? - Correct AnswerIt is genetically
modified to be herbicide resistant.
What is a DNA particle gun? How does it work? - Correct AnswerIt is used to make transgenic
plants. Plant cells get bombarded with DNA coated pellets from the DNA particle gun which
uses gunpowder and a "bullet" to help launch the pellets out. The DNA coated pellets contain
the transgene and after bombardment, the plant cells that now contain the transgene are
selected and induced to form complete plants which have each of their cells containing the
transgene
Why is movement within plant cells considered dynamic? - Correct AnswerDue to cytoplasmic
streaming
What do root hairs do? - Correct AnswerIncrease surface area for absorption of water and
minerals; root hairs also have a role in anchoring the plant
,What is cytoplasmic streaming? What is it driven by? - Correct AnswerMovement of the
cytoplasm throughout a cell; it is driven by organelle movement, especially by actin and myosin
motors which act very quickly to drive the process of cytoplasmic streaming
What does plant root hair growth involve? - Correct AnswerInvolves cell division but mostly cell
elongation
Where is vesicular transport located? - Correct AnswerAt the plant Golgi stacks
What are the 3 different fates of the vesicles which bud out of the trans golgi network (TGN)? -
Correct Answer1) Going to the plasma membrane
2) Going to a lytic vacuole
3) Going to a protein storage vacuole
How do plant Golgi stacks move? - Correct AnswerThey move along actin filaments (using
myosin motors) that are associated with ER
How big are Golgi bodies? - Correct Answer2 microns (um) in size
What kind of structures are Golgi bodies? What does this mean? - Correct AnswerPunctate
structures; this means that the structures are marked by pores and/or by very small, point-like
depressions
What kind of structure is the ER? What does this mean? - Correct AnswerReticulate structure;
this means that the structure is created by interconnected bars in the form of triangles to create
a network
When the Golgi stack is moving along the actin filaments, which end is facing the direction of
movement and which end is facing the opposite direction? (cis or trans) - Correct AnswerThe
, cis end is facing the direction of the movement of the Golgi bodies while the trans end is facing
away from that direction
When does the Golgi stack pause when moving along the actin filaments at why? - Correct
AnswerIt will pause at an ER export site to pick up vesicles from the ER and fuse with the cis
face and then the Golgi stack will continue moving along the filament afterwards
What is plant myosin XI? How long is each step? - Correct AnswerThe fastest myosin; takes 35
nm-long steps
How long is a single helical turn of an actin filament? - Correct Answer35 nm
What connects myosin on an actin filament to the organelle that is being carried along actin? -
Correct AnswerAdaptor protein
What are the three domains that make up myosin? (Start from actin to adaptor protein) -
Correct AnswerMotor domain, neck domain, and then tail domain
Which end of the actin filament does cargo move towards using plant myosin XI? - Correct
Answer+ (barbed) end
What is Arabidopsis? - Correct AnswerModel often used for studying plants, specifically myosin-
mediated vesicle movement along actin filaments in root hair cells in this case
What does each myosin step across an actin filament require? How many steps occur per
second? - Correct AnswerAt least 1 ATP must be hydrolyzed per step; 200 steps occur per
second
