NUR 150 Final Exam 2026/2027 | 150+ Questions & Answers | COPD, Cardiac, Neurology, Stroke, Renal, Diabetes & GI

This NUR 150 Final Exam 2026/2027 is an extensive 140-page nursing exam review containing 150+ question-and-answer study points covering major concepts in adult medical-surgical nursing, disease pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic testing, pharmacological treatment, nursing interventions and patient education. The material moves systematically through respiratory, cardiovascular, neurological, renal, infectious, musculoskeletal, vascular, gastrointestinal, hepatic and endocrine disorders, making it a broad final-exam preparation resource rather than a review of a single body system. The uploaded document identifies the course as NUR 150 but does not name a university, so an institution has not been added without documentary support. The respiratory section provides detailed review of COPD, chronic bronchitis, emphysema and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Students study COPD risk factors such as smoking, alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, occupational exposures and air pollution, alongside complications including respiratory failure, pulmonary hypertension, pneumonia, pneumothorax and cor pulmonale. Diagnostic and management concepts include pulmonary function testing, spirometry, ABGs, chest imaging, oxygen therapy, smoking cessation, bronchodilators, corticosteroids, vaccination and pulmonary rehabilitation. OSA content covers characteristic manifestations, cardiovascular consequences, obesity and age-related risk factors, CPAP/BiPAP and other treatment approaches. A particularly substantial portion addresses cardiovascular nursing. Topics include coronary artery disease, acute coronary syndrome, chronic stable angina, STEMI, NSTEMI, myocardial infarction, hypertension, hypertensive crisis, heart failure, valvular disorders and infective endocarditis. Students review cardiac markers such as troponin and CK-MB, modifiable CAD risk factors, cardiac catheterization, CABG postoperative care, emergency ACS interventions and complications of myocardial infarction. The review also distinguishes left-sided from right-sided heart failure and covers ACE inhibitors, ARBs, beta blockers, calcium-channel blockers, diuretics, nitrates and other cardiovascular medications. The neurological content is equally broad, covering tension headaches, migraine, seizures, status epilepticus, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, myasthenia gravis and stroke. Students review migraine characteristics and sumatriptan therapy, seizure stages and classifications, EEG evaluation, anticonvulsants and emergency management of status epilepticus. Parkinson's disease material emphasizes dopamine deficiency, tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, gait and postural changes, complications and medications such as levodopa/carbidopa. Multiple sclerosis content includes CNS demyelination, visual and sensory manifestations, weakness, spasticity, diagnostic findings and pharmacological management. Stroke and cerebrovascular nursing receive focused attention. The document distinguishes modifiable and nonmodifiable stroke risks, transient ischemic attacks, ischemic versus hemorrhagic stroke, thrombotic versus embolic events and characteristic differences between right- and left-hemisphere injury. Students review BEFAST, noncontrast CT and MRI evaluation, swallowing precautions, antiplatelet therapy and the prohibition of thrombolytic or antiplatelet treatment in the hemorrhagic-stroke context described by the source. Hemorrhagic-stroke management additionally includes monitoring for elevated intracranial pressure, surgical clipping, endovascular coiling and nimodipine for vasospasm. The renal and urinary section covers UTIs, urinary retention, acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease, electrolyte disturbances and renal replacement therapy. Students review lower versus upper UTIs, pyelonephritis, cystitis, antimicrobial therapy and post-void residual measurements. CKD material progresses through disease stages, GFR, hyperkalemia, anemia, dietary restrictions and medications such as epoetin alfa and potassium-lowering therapies. The resource also examines peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis, including dialysate exchanges, peritonitis, AV fistulas and grafts, bruit and thrill assessment, vascular-access precautions, steal syndrome and dialysis complications. Infectious-disease nursing includes HIV and tuberculosis. The material reviews HIV transmission, antiretroviral therapy goals and actions following occupational exposure. Tuberculosis content distinguishes latent infection from active TB disease and covers airborne precautions, negative-pressure isolation, N95 use, characteristic symptoms and medications including isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol and pyrazinamide, along with medication-related monitoring considerations. Another major section addresses pain assessment and pharmacological pain management. Students differentiate nociceptive, neuropathic, somatic and visceral pain and review assessment dimensions such as location, intensity, quality, onset, duration, aggravating factors, functional impact and breakthrough pain. Pharmacology includes acetaminophen, NSAIDs, opioid analgesics, local anesthetics, anticonvulsant adjuncts and antidepressants used in pain management. Musculoskeletal content includes osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, with emphasis on risk factors, affected joints, characteristic deformities, diagnostic evaluation and medication management. Students review Heberden and Bouchard nodes, varus and valgus deformities, symmetrical joint involvement in rheumatoid arthritis, prolonged morning stiffness, ulnar deviation, boutonnière and swan-neck deformities and extra-articular manifestations. The vascular material expands into anticoagulation, venous thromboembolism, varicose veins and chronic venous insufficiency. Pharmacology includes warfarin, heparin, low-molecular-weight heparin and factor Xa inhibitors, together with monitoring parameters and reversal agents. The document also addresses venous ulcers, edema, compression therapy, ambulation and vascular-access safety. Later portions provide substantial hepatic and gastrointestinal review, including hepatitis, cirrhosis, portal hypertension, ascites, esophageal and gastric varices, hepatic encephalopathy and pancreatitis. Cirrhosis content examines jaundice, edema, ascites, abnormal liver studies, elevated ammonia and complications such as hepatorenal syndrome. Management topics include sodium restriction, diuretics, albumin, paracentesis, TIPS and lactulose. Acute and chronic pancreatitis are differentiated through pain characteristics, malabsorption, steatorrhea and supportive treatment principles. The endocrine portion includes diabetes pharmacology, hypoglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic syndrome. Students review oral antidiabetic medications such as sulfonylureas, manifestations and emergency treatment of hypoglycemia, and the characteristic hyperglycemia, polyuria, polydipsia, metabolic acidosis and Kussmaul respirations associated with DKA in the document. The review contrasts this with HHS, which is associated with type 2 diabetes, profound hyperglycemia and severe dehydration, while emphasizing fluid, electrolyte and insulin management. Overall, this NUR 150 Final Exam review is relevant for students preparing for a comprehensive examination requiring integration of pathophysiology, assessment findings, laboratory and diagnostic interpretation, medications, complications, nursing priorities and patient education across multiple adult-health conditions. Its breadth makes it particularly useful for cumulative review of respiratory, cardiac, neurological, renal, infectious, musculoskeletal, vascular, gastrointestinal and endocrine nursing concepts. Relevant students: NUR 150 students, Medical-Surgical Nursing students, Adult Health Nursing students, Practical Nursing students, PN students, LPN students, RN nursing students, nursing fundamentals students, nursing pharmacology students and students preparing for comprehensive adult-health or medical-surgical final examinations. Academic Reference Harding, M. M., Kwong, J., Roberts, D., Hagler, D., & Reinisch, C. Lewis's Medical-Surgical Nursing: Assessment and Management of Clinical Problems. Elsevier. This is a relevant supporting academic reference because the document extensively addresses adult medical-surgical pathophysiology, assessment, diagnostics, pharmacological management and nursing care across respiratory, cardiovascular, neurological, renal, infectious, musculoskeletal, gastrointestinal and endocrine disorders. The uploaded file itself does not identify a specific required textbook or journal, so this reference is supporting literature and should not be represented as the confirmed source of the document's questions. 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