NR568 ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY WEEK 2
MIDTERM PREP
1. A 45-year-old male smoker undergoes a biopsy of his bronchial mucosa. The report
indicates that the normal columnar ciliated epithelium has been replaced by stratified
squamous epithelium. This is an example of:
A. Dysplasia
B. Anaplasia
C. Hyperplasia
D. Metaplasia
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Metaplasia is a reversible change in which one adult cell type is
replaced by another adult cell type, often as a response to chronic irritation.
2. Which mechanism is responsible for the cellular swelling seen during initial hypoxic injury?
A. Increase in protein synthesis
B. Failure of the Na+/K+ ATPase pump
,C. Activation of lysosomal enzymes
D. Decrease in intracellular osmotic pressure
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: Hypoxia leads to reduced ATP, which causes the Na+/K+ pump
to fail, leading to sodium accumulation inside the cell and subsequent water entry.
3. A patient presents with a large area of tissue death in the brain following an ischemic
stroke. The tissue appears soft and liquefied. Which type of necrosis is this?
A. Liquefactive necrosis
B. Caseous necrosis
C. Fat necrosis
D. Coagulative necrosis
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Liquefactive necrosis is characteristic of focal bacterial or fungal
infections and also occurs in the central nervous system after hypoxic death.
4. Which of the following is a characteristic feature of apoptosis rather than necrosis?
A. Inflammation of surrounding tissue
B. Cellular swelling and lysis
C. Disruption of the plasma membrane
, D. Activation of caspases
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Apoptosis is a programmed cell death involving the activation of
a cascade of enzymes called caspases without causing an inflammatory response.
5. In the context of oxidative stress, which enzyme is responsible for converting superoxide
(O2-) to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)?
A. Catalase
B. Superoxide dismutase
C. Glutathione peroxidase
D. Myeloperoxidase
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: Superoxide dismutase (SOD) converts the superoxide radical
into hydrogen peroxide, which is then neutralized by catalase or glutathione peroxidase.
6. During the inflammatory process, what is the primary role of selectins?
A. Facilitating firm adhesion of leukocytes to endothelium
B. Chemotactic attraction of neutrophils
C. Mediation of leukocyte rolling along the vascular wall
D. Promoting vasodilation and increased permeability
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY WEEK 2
MIDTERM PREP
1. A 45-year-old male smoker undergoes a biopsy of his bronchial mucosa. The report
indicates that the normal columnar ciliated epithelium has been replaced by stratified
squamous epithelium. This is an example of:
A. Dysplasia
B. Anaplasia
C. Hyperplasia
D. Metaplasia
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Metaplasia is a reversible change in which one adult cell type is
replaced by another adult cell type, often as a response to chronic irritation.
2. Which mechanism is responsible for the cellular swelling seen during initial hypoxic injury?
A. Increase in protein synthesis
B. Failure of the Na+/K+ ATPase pump
,C. Activation of lysosomal enzymes
D. Decrease in intracellular osmotic pressure
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: Hypoxia leads to reduced ATP, which causes the Na+/K+ pump
to fail, leading to sodium accumulation inside the cell and subsequent water entry.
3. A patient presents with a large area of tissue death in the brain following an ischemic
stroke. The tissue appears soft and liquefied. Which type of necrosis is this?
A. Liquefactive necrosis
B. Caseous necrosis
C. Fat necrosis
D. Coagulative necrosis
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Liquefactive necrosis is characteristic of focal bacterial or fungal
infections and also occurs in the central nervous system after hypoxic death.
4. Which of the following is a characteristic feature of apoptosis rather than necrosis?
A. Inflammation of surrounding tissue
B. Cellular swelling and lysis
C. Disruption of the plasma membrane
, D. Activation of caspases
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Apoptosis is a programmed cell death involving the activation of
a cascade of enzymes called caspases without causing an inflammatory response.
5. In the context of oxidative stress, which enzyme is responsible for converting superoxide
(O2-) to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)?
A. Catalase
B. Superoxide dismutase
C. Glutathione peroxidase
D. Myeloperoxidase
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: Superoxide dismutase (SOD) converts the superoxide radical
into hydrogen peroxide, which is then neutralized by catalase or glutathione peroxidase.
6. During the inflammatory process, what is the primary role of selectins?
A. Facilitating firm adhesion of leukocytes to endothelium
B. Chemotactic attraction of neutrophils
C. Mediation of leukocyte rolling along the vascular wall
D. Promoting vasodilation and increased permeability
