PN2 FINAL 117 PREP SET 2026 TESTED
QUESTIONS WITH RATIONALE
◉ Location for breath sounds Answer: Anterior thorax:
1. Bronchial/Tracheal
2. Vesicular
3. Bronchovesicular
Posterior thorax:
1. Bronchovesicular
2. Vesicular
◉ Qualities of normal breath sounds Answer: Tracheal: Harsh, high-
pitched, I = E
Bronchial: Loud, high-pitched, I < E
Bronchovesicular: Medium in loudness and pitch, I = E
Vesicular: Soft, low-pitched, I > E
◉ Chest deformities Answer: -Barrel chest: Increased
anteroposterior diameter 1:1
-Funnel chest (pectus excavatum): Depressed lower sternum
-Pigeon chest (pectus carinatum): Anteriorly displaced sternum
,-Thoracic kyphoscoliosis: Raised shoulder and scapula, thoracic
convexity, and flared interspaces
◉ Abnormal respiratory patterns Answer: -Tachypnea: Shallow
breathing with increased respiratory rate
-Bradypnea: Slower rate of breathing; may be periodic
-Apnea: Absence of breathing; may be periodic
-Hyperpnea: Increased depth of breathing
-Kussmaul respirations: Rapid, deep breathing without pauses. In
adults, 20+ bpm; usually sounds labored with deep breaths that
resemble sighs.
-Cheyne-Strokes respirations: Breaths that become faster and
deeper than normal, then slower, and alternate with periods of
apnea.
-Biot respirations: Rapid, deep breathing with abrupt pauses
between each breath; equal depth to each breath
, ◉ Grading Dyspnea Answer: -Grade 0: No dyspnea except with
strenuous exercise.
-Grade 1: Dyspnea when walking up a slight hill.
-Grade 2: Dyspnea or has to stop to breathe when walking on a level
path at own pace and walks more slowly than people the same age.
-Grade 3: Stops to breathe after walking approx. 100 yards on a level
path.
-Grade 4: Dyspnea when dressing/undressing or too breathless to
leave the house.
◉ Adventitious (abnormal) breath sounds Answer: -Fine
crackles/rales: Bubbling sound on inspiration, sounds like wood
burning in a fireplace (COPD)
-Coarse crackles: Lower pitch, longer Popping sounds (Crepitus)
-Wheezes: Musical, high-pitched in inhale and exhale, airway
constriction (Asthma, COPD, Bronchitis)
-Rhonchi: Coarse, rattling noise on inspiration, "snoring", clears with
cough (Bronchitis, Pneumonia)
-Stridor: loud, high-pitched crowing sound (Upper airway
obstruction)
QUESTIONS WITH RATIONALE
◉ Location for breath sounds Answer: Anterior thorax:
1. Bronchial/Tracheal
2. Vesicular
3. Bronchovesicular
Posterior thorax:
1. Bronchovesicular
2. Vesicular
◉ Qualities of normal breath sounds Answer: Tracheal: Harsh, high-
pitched, I = E
Bronchial: Loud, high-pitched, I < E
Bronchovesicular: Medium in loudness and pitch, I = E
Vesicular: Soft, low-pitched, I > E
◉ Chest deformities Answer: -Barrel chest: Increased
anteroposterior diameter 1:1
-Funnel chest (pectus excavatum): Depressed lower sternum
-Pigeon chest (pectus carinatum): Anteriorly displaced sternum
,-Thoracic kyphoscoliosis: Raised shoulder and scapula, thoracic
convexity, and flared interspaces
◉ Abnormal respiratory patterns Answer: -Tachypnea: Shallow
breathing with increased respiratory rate
-Bradypnea: Slower rate of breathing; may be periodic
-Apnea: Absence of breathing; may be periodic
-Hyperpnea: Increased depth of breathing
-Kussmaul respirations: Rapid, deep breathing without pauses. In
adults, 20+ bpm; usually sounds labored with deep breaths that
resemble sighs.
-Cheyne-Strokes respirations: Breaths that become faster and
deeper than normal, then slower, and alternate with periods of
apnea.
-Biot respirations: Rapid, deep breathing with abrupt pauses
between each breath; equal depth to each breath
, ◉ Grading Dyspnea Answer: -Grade 0: No dyspnea except with
strenuous exercise.
-Grade 1: Dyspnea when walking up a slight hill.
-Grade 2: Dyspnea or has to stop to breathe when walking on a level
path at own pace and walks more slowly than people the same age.
-Grade 3: Stops to breathe after walking approx. 100 yards on a level
path.
-Grade 4: Dyspnea when dressing/undressing or too breathless to
leave the house.
◉ Adventitious (abnormal) breath sounds Answer: -Fine
crackles/rales: Bubbling sound on inspiration, sounds like wood
burning in a fireplace (COPD)
-Coarse crackles: Lower pitch, longer Popping sounds (Crepitus)
-Wheezes: Musical, high-pitched in inhale and exhale, airway
constriction (Asthma, COPD, Bronchitis)
-Rhonchi: Coarse, rattling noise on inspiration, "snoring", clears with
cough (Bronchitis, Pneumonia)
-Stridor: loud, high-pitched crowing sound (Upper airway
obstruction)
