PN 4003 MIDTERM REVIEW 2026 UPDATED
QUESTIONS VERIFIED ANSWERS
COMPLETE GUIDE
◉ magnesium range
Answer: Magnesium - range: 1.5-2.5 mEq/L
◉ chloride range
Answer: Chloride - range: 96-106 mEq/L
◉ Hypernatremia (high Na⁺)
Answer: Causes: Dehydration, diabetes insipidus, excessive salt
intake.
S/S: Thirst, dry mucous membranes, agitation, restlessness,
seizures.
sodium - range: 135-145 mEq/L
◉ Hypokalemia (low K⁺)
Answer: Causes: Diuretics, GI losses (vomiting/diarrhea),
inadequate intake.
, S/S: Muscle weakness, cramps, fatigue, arrhythmias, flattened T
waves.
Potassium - range: 3.5-5.0 mEq/L
◉ Hyperkalemia (high K⁺)
Answer: Causes: Renal failure, acidosis, tissue damage.
S/S: Muscle weakness, paresthesia, arrhythmias, peaked T waves,
cardiac arrest.
Potassium - range: 3.5-5.0 mEq/L
◉ Hypocalcemia (low Ca²⁺)
Answer: Causes: Hypoparathyroidism, vitamin D deficiency, renal
disease.
S/S: Tetany, paresthesia, Chvostek's and Trousseau's signs, seizures.
calcium - range: 8.5-10.5 mg/dL
◉ Hypomagnesemia (low Mg²⁺)
QUESTIONS VERIFIED ANSWERS
COMPLETE GUIDE
◉ magnesium range
Answer: Magnesium - range: 1.5-2.5 mEq/L
◉ chloride range
Answer: Chloride - range: 96-106 mEq/L
◉ Hypernatremia (high Na⁺)
Answer: Causes: Dehydration, diabetes insipidus, excessive salt
intake.
S/S: Thirst, dry mucous membranes, agitation, restlessness,
seizures.
sodium - range: 135-145 mEq/L
◉ Hypokalemia (low K⁺)
Answer: Causes: Diuretics, GI losses (vomiting/diarrhea),
inadequate intake.
, S/S: Muscle weakness, cramps, fatigue, arrhythmias, flattened T
waves.
Potassium - range: 3.5-5.0 mEq/L
◉ Hyperkalemia (high K⁺)
Answer: Causes: Renal failure, acidosis, tissue damage.
S/S: Muscle weakness, paresthesia, arrhythmias, peaked T waves,
cardiac arrest.
Potassium - range: 3.5-5.0 mEq/L
◉ Hypocalcemia (low Ca²⁺)
Answer: Causes: Hypoparathyroidism, vitamin D deficiency, renal
disease.
S/S: Tetany, paresthesia, Chvostek's and Trousseau's signs, seizures.
calcium - range: 8.5-10.5 mg/dL
◉ Hypomagnesemia (low Mg²⁺)
