NUR 2063 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 1
STUDY GUIDE 2026 COMPREHENSIVE
REVIEW PRACTICE QUESTIONS ANSWER
KEY and RATIONALES
Specific or nonspecific: innate Immunity - CORRECT ANSWER-
nonspecific
Explain adaptive immunity - CORRECT ANSWER-slow to develop.
More efficient when there is subsequent exposure. Cells will create
memory. Recognizer foreign invaders and destroys foreign invaders. More
effective defenses. B Cell= humoral immunity and produces antibodies. T
cells are cell mediated immunity and involve T helper and cytotoxic T cells
to activate cells to fight foreign invaders.
Specific or nonspecific: adaptive immunity - CORRECT ANSWER-
specific
What is antimicrobial resistance and what factors contribute to it in
microorganisms? - CORRECT ANSWER-resistant strains of
microorganisms emerge following exposure to antibiotics, making it harder
to treat. Caused by excessive use of antibiotics or subtherapeutic dosing.
Will need stronger antibiotics to cure.
,How can we prevent the spread of microorganisms in healthcare? -
CORRECT ANSWER-Must always keep a sterile field if working in one,
washing hands, wearing PPE when needed.
What is passive immunity? - CORRECT ANSWER-he transfer of
preformed antibodies against specific antigens from a protected or
immunized individual to an unprotected or non immunized person.
Provides immediate and short term protection. No memory cells are
produced.
Which antibodies does passive immunity involve? - CORRECT
ANSWER-IgA and IgE
What are examples of passive immunity? - CORRECT ANSWER-mom to
fetus through placenta or mom to infant through breast milk. Serotherapy.
What is active immunity? - CORRECT ANSWER-a protective state
owing to the immune system response as a result of active infection or
immunization. It has to be activated in the body and the body has to fight it
to have long term immunity.
What are examples of active immunity? - CORRECT ANSWER-
Vaccinations as they contain altered toxins that retain the ability to produce
memory cells. Second exposure activates a quicker response.
What is a hypersensitivity? - CORRECT ANSWER-an overreaction to
antigens or allergens that is beyond the normal range, leading to damage.
,Type of mediator Type 1 Hypersensitivity - CORRECT ANSWER-IgE or
anaphylactic
Type of mediator Type 2 Hypersensitivity - CORRECT ANSWER-
IgM/IgG or cytotoxic
Type of mediator Type 3 Hypersensitivity - CORRECT ANSWER-
Immune Complex
Type of mediator Type 4 Hypersensitivity - CORRECT ANSWER-
Cytotoxic T cell or delayed hypersensitivity
What is a type 1 hypersensitivity? - CORRECT ANSWER-anaphylactic.
Occurs within 2-30mins of exposure. Can be systemic or localized. Binds to
IgE and mast cells that release histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins
to create inflammation
Signs and Symptoms of a type 1 hypersensitivity - CORRECT ANSWER-
hives, runny nose, eczema, throat constriction, ,localized edema, wheezing,
tachycardia, anaphylaxis.
How can we treat a type 1 hypersensitivity? - CORRECT ANSWER-
antihistamines to block histamine, beta adrenergics to bronchodilator ,
corticosteroids, to decrease inflammation. IgE therapy, epinephrine given
during anaphylaxis through IV or through IM in epipens.
Example of Type 1 Hypersensitivity - CORRECT ANSWER-Severe
Allergic reaction to peanuts
, What is type 2 hypersensitivity? - CORRECT ANSWER-Cytotoxic
hypersensitivity. Present when antibodies attack the normal organs or
blood
Examples of type 2 hypersensitivity - CORRECT ANSWER-Blood
transfusions when wrong blood given, hemolytic disease of newborn when
mom and baby have different blood types causing the moms blood to attack
fetus, graves disease, myasthenia graves
What is a type 3 hypersensitivity? - CORRECT ANSWER-Immune
complexes. The igG antibodies are stuck beneath the membranes of cells.
Can activate immune responses that can damage tissues.
Examples of type 3 hypersensitivity - CORRECT ANSWER-RA, lupus.
What is a type 4 hypersensitivity? - CORRECT ANSWER-delayed cell
mediated: there is a delayed cell reaction caused by the T cells. Antigens are
phagocytized and are sensitized to receptors on the t cell. Reexposure
causes the memory cells to release destructive cytokines
Examples of Type 4 hypersensitivity - CORRECT ANSWER-TB test- 48
hrs later must be read due to delay. Contact dermatitis.
What are characteristics of benign tumors? - CORRECT ANSWER-
Localized growth that is curable. They more closely resemble the original
tissue type, they grow slowly, have little vascularity, rarely necrotic, and
usually have similar function to the original cells. Can be fatal depending on
the location (brain, heart,etc), usually grows at the original areas of the
body. Encapsulated.
STUDY GUIDE 2026 COMPREHENSIVE
REVIEW PRACTICE QUESTIONS ANSWER
KEY and RATIONALES
Specific or nonspecific: innate Immunity - CORRECT ANSWER-
nonspecific
Explain adaptive immunity - CORRECT ANSWER-slow to develop.
More efficient when there is subsequent exposure. Cells will create
memory. Recognizer foreign invaders and destroys foreign invaders. More
effective defenses. B Cell= humoral immunity and produces antibodies. T
cells are cell mediated immunity and involve T helper and cytotoxic T cells
to activate cells to fight foreign invaders.
Specific or nonspecific: adaptive immunity - CORRECT ANSWER-
specific
What is antimicrobial resistance and what factors contribute to it in
microorganisms? - CORRECT ANSWER-resistant strains of
microorganisms emerge following exposure to antibiotics, making it harder
to treat. Caused by excessive use of antibiotics or subtherapeutic dosing.
Will need stronger antibiotics to cure.
,How can we prevent the spread of microorganisms in healthcare? -
CORRECT ANSWER-Must always keep a sterile field if working in one,
washing hands, wearing PPE when needed.
What is passive immunity? - CORRECT ANSWER-he transfer of
preformed antibodies against specific antigens from a protected or
immunized individual to an unprotected or non immunized person.
Provides immediate and short term protection. No memory cells are
produced.
Which antibodies does passive immunity involve? - CORRECT
ANSWER-IgA and IgE
What are examples of passive immunity? - CORRECT ANSWER-mom to
fetus through placenta or mom to infant through breast milk. Serotherapy.
What is active immunity? - CORRECT ANSWER-a protective state
owing to the immune system response as a result of active infection or
immunization. It has to be activated in the body and the body has to fight it
to have long term immunity.
What are examples of active immunity? - CORRECT ANSWER-
Vaccinations as they contain altered toxins that retain the ability to produce
memory cells. Second exposure activates a quicker response.
What is a hypersensitivity? - CORRECT ANSWER-an overreaction to
antigens or allergens that is beyond the normal range, leading to damage.
,Type of mediator Type 1 Hypersensitivity - CORRECT ANSWER-IgE or
anaphylactic
Type of mediator Type 2 Hypersensitivity - CORRECT ANSWER-
IgM/IgG or cytotoxic
Type of mediator Type 3 Hypersensitivity - CORRECT ANSWER-
Immune Complex
Type of mediator Type 4 Hypersensitivity - CORRECT ANSWER-
Cytotoxic T cell or delayed hypersensitivity
What is a type 1 hypersensitivity? - CORRECT ANSWER-anaphylactic.
Occurs within 2-30mins of exposure. Can be systemic or localized. Binds to
IgE and mast cells that release histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins
to create inflammation
Signs and Symptoms of a type 1 hypersensitivity - CORRECT ANSWER-
hives, runny nose, eczema, throat constriction, ,localized edema, wheezing,
tachycardia, anaphylaxis.
How can we treat a type 1 hypersensitivity? - CORRECT ANSWER-
antihistamines to block histamine, beta adrenergics to bronchodilator ,
corticosteroids, to decrease inflammation. IgE therapy, epinephrine given
during anaphylaxis through IV or through IM in epipens.
Example of Type 1 Hypersensitivity - CORRECT ANSWER-Severe
Allergic reaction to peanuts
, What is type 2 hypersensitivity? - CORRECT ANSWER-Cytotoxic
hypersensitivity. Present when antibodies attack the normal organs or
blood
Examples of type 2 hypersensitivity - CORRECT ANSWER-Blood
transfusions when wrong blood given, hemolytic disease of newborn when
mom and baby have different blood types causing the moms blood to attack
fetus, graves disease, myasthenia graves
What is a type 3 hypersensitivity? - CORRECT ANSWER-Immune
complexes. The igG antibodies are stuck beneath the membranes of cells.
Can activate immune responses that can damage tissues.
Examples of type 3 hypersensitivity - CORRECT ANSWER-RA, lupus.
What is a type 4 hypersensitivity? - CORRECT ANSWER-delayed cell
mediated: there is a delayed cell reaction caused by the T cells. Antigens are
phagocytized and are sensitized to receptors on the t cell. Reexposure
causes the memory cells to release destructive cytokines
Examples of Type 4 hypersensitivity - CORRECT ANSWER-TB test- 48
hrs later must be read due to delay. Contact dermatitis.
What are characteristics of benign tumors? - CORRECT ANSWER-
Localized growth that is curable. They more closely resemble the original
tissue type, they grow slowly, have little vascularity, rarely necrotic, and
usually have similar function to the original cells. Can be fatal depending on
the location (brain, heart,etc), usually grows at the original areas of the
body. Encapsulated.
