APHY 101 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE
2026 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY I
REVIEW PRACTICE QUESTIONS ANSWER
KEY AND RATIONALES
Dense Connective Tissue - CORRECT ANSWER-Densely packed
collagenous fibers; very strong but lacks a good blood supply; found as part
of tendons and ligaments.
Cartilage - CORRECT ANSWER-rigid connective tissue that provides a
supportive framework; lacks blood supply
3 types of cartilage - CORRECT ANSWER-Hyaline cartilage, elastic
cartilage, fibrocartilage
condrocyte - CORRECT ANSWER-cartilage cell
osteocyte - CORRECT ANSWER-bone cell
Canaliculi - CORRECT ANSWER-small channels through matrix;
necessary for nutrient and wast exchange
3 types of muscle tissue - CORRECT ANSWER-skeletal, smooth, and
cardiac
,skeletal muscle tissue - CORRECT ANSWER-muscles attach to bones
and can be controlled by conscious effort; also called voluntary muscle
tissue; long and narrow cells
smooth muscle tissue - CORRECT ANSWER-comprises walls of hollow
internal organs like stomach, intestines, bladder; involuntary movements of
internal organs
cardiac muscle tissue - CORRECT ANSWER-heart movements;
involuntary
difference between neurons and neuroglia - CORRECT ANSWER-
Neurons are highly specialized to conduct and transmit nerve impulses
from one part of the body to another; the basic functional units of nervous
tissue
Neuroglia brace and protect neurons, but are not capable of generating and
transmitting nerve impulses.
What is the epidermis? - CORRECT ANSWER-outer layer of skin
What is the dermis? - CORRECT ANSWER-inner layer of skin
What is the subcutaneous layer? - CORRECT ANSWER-It is also known
as the hypodermis, and it's the inner most layer of skin; binds the skin to
underlying organs and contains the blood vessels that supply the skin
,what cells and pigments produce skin color? - CORRECT ANSWER-
melanocytes produce meanin
What is the arrector pili muscle? - CORRECT ANSWER-A bundle of
smooth muscle cells attached to
each hair follicle.
What is the sebaceous gland? - CORRECT ANSWER-associated with
hair follicles and secrete
sebum that waterproofs and moisturizes the hair shafts
What is the difference between eccrine and apocrine sweat glands? -
CORRECT ANSWER-Eccrine sweat glands are most numerous and
respond throughout to body temperature elevated by environmental heat or
physical exertion.
apocrine glands produce sweat in response to emotional tension, heat and
sexual activity; present from birth, activate during puberty
What are the parts of a long bone? - CORRECT ANSWER-Epiphysis,
Diaphysis, Medullary cavity, Periosteum
Epiphysis - CORRECT ANSWER-Expanded ends of bones that form
joints with adjacent bones
Diaphysis - CORRECT ANSWER-Shaft of a long bone bone
, Medullary cavity - CORRECT ANSWER-The diaphysis contains a hollow
medullary cavity that is lined with endosteum and filled with marrow.
Periosteum - CORRECT ANSWER-tough layer of vascular connective
tissue in long bone, covers the bone and is continuous with ligaments and
tendons
What is compact bone? - CORRECT ANSWER-tightly packed tissue that
covers the wall of the diaphysis; there are no gaps
Spongy bone? - CORRECT ANSWER-Lighter section of the bone often
filled with red bone marrow. This is what epiphyses are composed of.
Describe the process of ossification. - CORRECT ANSWER-
Chondrocytes enlarge and calcify, blood vessels invade the perichondrium,
the perichondrium is converted into a periosteum, and the inner layer
produces bone, osteoblasts replace calcified cartilage with spongy bone,
osteoclasts create a narrow cavity.
What is the ephiphyseal plate (disk)? - CORRECT ANSWER-A band of
hyaline cartilage that forms between the two ossification centers;
responsible for lengthening bones
It functions as the center for cell growth in the distal ends of long bones, it
controls the growth of long bones.
Distinguish among osteocytes, osteoblasts and osteoclasts. - CORRECT
ANSWER-Osteocytes- mature bone cells
2026 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY I
REVIEW PRACTICE QUESTIONS ANSWER
KEY AND RATIONALES
Dense Connective Tissue - CORRECT ANSWER-Densely packed
collagenous fibers; very strong but lacks a good blood supply; found as part
of tendons and ligaments.
Cartilage - CORRECT ANSWER-rigid connective tissue that provides a
supportive framework; lacks blood supply
3 types of cartilage - CORRECT ANSWER-Hyaline cartilage, elastic
cartilage, fibrocartilage
condrocyte - CORRECT ANSWER-cartilage cell
osteocyte - CORRECT ANSWER-bone cell
Canaliculi - CORRECT ANSWER-small channels through matrix;
necessary for nutrient and wast exchange
3 types of muscle tissue - CORRECT ANSWER-skeletal, smooth, and
cardiac
,skeletal muscle tissue - CORRECT ANSWER-muscles attach to bones
and can be controlled by conscious effort; also called voluntary muscle
tissue; long and narrow cells
smooth muscle tissue - CORRECT ANSWER-comprises walls of hollow
internal organs like stomach, intestines, bladder; involuntary movements of
internal organs
cardiac muscle tissue - CORRECT ANSWER-heart movements;
involuntary
difference between neurons and neuroglia - CORRECT ANSWER-
Neurons are highly specialized to conduct and transmit nerve impulses
from one part of the body to another; the basic functional units of nervous
tissue
Neuroglia brace and protect neurons, but are not capable of generating and
transmitting nerve impulses.
What is the epidermis? - CORRECT ANSWER-outer layer of skin
What is the dermis? - CORRECT ANSWER-inner layer of skin
What is the subcutaneous layer? - CORRECT ANSWER-It is also known
as the hypodermis, and it's the inner most layer of skin; binds the skin to
underlying organs and contains the blood vessels that supply the skin
,what cells and pigments produce skin color? - CORRECT ANSWER-
melanocytes produce meanin
What is the arrector pili muscle? - CORRECT ANSWER-A bundle of
smooth muscle cells attached to
each hair follicle.
What is the sebaceous gland? - CORRECT ANSWER-associated with
hair follicles and secrete
sebum that waterproofs and moisturizes the hair shafts
What is the difference between eccrine and apocrine sweat glands? -
CORRECT ANSWER-Eccrine sweat glands are most numerous and
respond throughout to body temperature elevated by environmental heat or
physical exertion.
apocrine glands produce sweat in response to emotional tension, heat and
sexual activity; present from birth, activate during puberty
What are the parts of a long bone? - CORRECT ANSWER-Epiphysis,
Diaphysis, Medullary cavity, Periosteum
Epiphysis - CORRECT ANSWER-Expanded ends of bones that form
joints with adjacent bones
Diaphysis - CORRECT ANSWER-Shaft of a long bone bone
, Medullary cavity - CORRECT ANSWER-The diaphysis contains a hollow
medullary cavity that is lined with endosteum and filled with marrow.
Periosteum - CORRECT ANSWER-tough layer of vascular connective
tissue in long bone, covers the bone and is continuous with ligaments and
tendons
What is compact bone? - CORRECT ANSWER-tightly packed tissue that
covers the wall of the diaphysis; there are no gaps
Spongy bone? - CORRECT ANSWER-Lighter section of the bone often
filled with red bone marrow. This is what epiphyses are composed of.
Describe the process of ossification. - CORRECT ANSWER-
Chondrocytes enlarge and calcify, blood vessels invade the perichondrium,
the perichondrium is converted into a periosteum, and the inner layer
produces bone, osteoblasts replace calcified cartilage with spongy bone,
osteoclasts create a narrow cavity.
What is the ephiphyseal plate (disk)? - CORRECT ANSWER-A band of
hyaline cartilage that forms between the two ossification centers;
responsible for lengthening bones
It functions as the center for cell growth in the distal ends of long bones, it
controls the growth of long bones.
Distinguish among osteocytes, osteoblasts and osteoclasts. - CORRECT
ANSWER-Osteocytes- mature bone cells
