ANTHROPOLOGY CHAPTER 10 EXAM
Final Examination Questions & Answers with Verified Solutions
2026/2027
1. How do anthropologists distinguish between "sex" and "gender"?
A. Sex is culturally assigned at marriage, while gender is purely determined by genetics.
B. Sex refers to biological differences (chromosomes, genitalia, hormones), while
gender refers to the cultural expectations and roles associated with masculinity and
femininity.
C. Sex refers to gender performance in public settings, while gender refers to private sexual
orientation.
D. Sex is determined by social status, while gender is fixed at birth across all cultures.
Rationale: Anthropologists define sex as biological attributes (chromosomes, anatomy) and gender as the
socio-cultural meanings, roles, and behaviors attached to those biological differences.
2. What is "gender ideology"?
A. A set of cultural beliefs and values that justify and naturalize gender roles and
gender stratifications in a society.
B. A formal political platform adopted by state parliaments to regulate marriage laws.
C. The scientific study of human reproductive endocrinology.
D. A universal system of binary gender roles found in every human culture.
Rationale: Gender ideology consists of shared cultural assumptions and stereotypes that rationalize why
men and women hold specific roles, statuses, and privileges in society.
3. In anthropology, what does the term "gender performance" or "performing gender"
(Judith Butler) mean?
A. Acting in theatrical plays that portray historical figures.
B. The idea that gender is not an innate static identity, but something expressed
repeatedly through daily behaviors, dress, gestures, and speech.
C. Competing in gender-segregated athletic tournaments.
D. Fulfilling legal requirements specified on state identity documents.
Rationale: Butler's performance concept asserts that gender is expressed through continuous, stylized
, bodily acts and behaviors that enact social expectations.
4. What is "gender stratification"?
A. The equal distribution of social prestige and economic resources across all genders.
B. The unequal distribution of power, wealth, prestige, and personal freedom between
different genders in a society.
C. Categorizing human bones by biological sex in archaeological excavations.
D. The geographical separation of men and women into different residential villages.
Rationale: Gender stratification refers to systemic inequalities where access to resources, authority, and
status differs significantly along gender lines.
5. What term describes individuals born with combinations of male and female biological
traits (chromosomes, gonads, or genitals)?
A. Intersex
B. Transgender
C. Cisgender
D. Heteronormative
Rationale: Intersex refers to biological variations where reproductive anatomy or chromosome patterns do
not fit typical binary definitions of male or female.
6. How do anthropologists view "third gender" categories found in various cultures (e.g.,
Hijras in India, Two-Spirit in Native American societies)?
A. As modern western political movements introduced by globalization.
B. As culturally recognized alternative gender identities that exist outside or beyond a
strict male-female binary.
C. As temporary social roles assumed only during sacred seasonal rituals.
D. As psychological conditions recognized by clinical medical manuals.
Rationale: Many non-Western societies recognize third (or multiple) genders that hold distinct social,
spiritual, and cultural roles independent of a rigid binary.
7. Who are the *Hijras* of India?
A. A culturally recognized third-gender group composed of intersex or transgender
Final Examination Questions & Answers with Verified Solutions
2026/2027
1. How do anthropologists distinguish between "sex" and "gender"?
A. Sex is culturally assigned at marriage, while gender is purely determined by genetics.
B. Sex refers to biological differences (chromosomes, genitalia, hormones), while
gender refers to the cultural expectations and roles associated with masculinity and
femininity.
C. Sex refers to gender performance in public settings, while gender refers to private sexual
orientation.
D. Sex is determined by social status, while gender is fixed at birth across all cultures.
Rationale: Anthropologists define sex as biological attributes (chromosomes, anatomy) and gender as the
socio-cultural meanings, roles, and behaviors attached to those biological differences.
2. What is "gender ideology"?
A. A set of cultural beliefs and values that justify and naturalize gender roles and
gender stratifications in a society.
B. A formal political platform adopted by state parliaments to regulate marriage laws.
C. The scientific study of human reproductive endocrinology.
D. A universal system of binary gender roles found in every human culture.
Rationale: Gender ideology consists of shared cultural assumptions and stereotypes that rationalize why
men and women hold specific roles, statuses, and privileges in society.
3. In anthropology, what does the term "gender performance" or "performing gender"
(Judith Butler) mean?
A. Acting in theatrical plays that portray historical figures.
B. The idea that gender is not an innate static identity, but something expressed
repeatedly through daily behaviors, dress, gestures, and speech.
C. Competing in gender-segregated athletic tournaments.
D. Fulfilling legal requirements specified on state identity documents.
Rationale: Butler's performance concept asserts that gender is expressed through continuous, stylized
, bodily acts and behaviors that enact social expectations.
4. What is "gender stratification"?
A. The equal distribution of social prestige and economic resources across all genders.
B. The unequal distribution of power, wealth, prestige, and personal freedom between
different genders in a society.
C. Categorizing human bones by biological sex in archaeological excavations.
D. The geographical separation of men and women into different residential villages.
Rationale: Gender stratification refers to systemic inequalities where access to resources, authority, and
status differs significantly along gender lines.
5. What term describes individuals born with combinations of male and female biological
traits (chromosomes, gonads, or genitals)?
A. Intersex
B. Transgender
C. Cisgender
D. Heteronormative
Rationale: Intersex refers to biological variations where reproductive anatomy or chromosome patterns do
not fit typical binary definitions of male or female.
6. How do anthropologists view "third gender" categories found in various cultures (e.g.,
Hijras in India, Two-Spirit in Native American societies)?
A. As modern western political movements introduced by globalization.
B. As culturally recognized alternative gender identities that exist outside or beyond a
strict male-female binary.
C. As temporary social roles assumed only during sacred seasonal rituals.
D. As psychological conditions recognized by clinical medical manuals.
Rationale: Many non-Western societies recognize third (or multiple) genders that hold distinct social,
spiritual, and cultural roles independent of a rigid binary.
7. Who are the *Hijras* of India?
A. A culturally recognized third-gender group composed of intersex or transgender
