PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL NUR 2063
FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS
What is Gastritis and what causes it?
✔✔ Gastritis is the inflammation of the stomach's mucosal lining, which can affect
the entire stomach or just a portion. It may be short-term (acute) or long-lasting
(chronic).
✔✔ Common causes include Helicobacter pylori infection (which disrupts the
mucosal lining through toxins and enzymes), use of NSAIDs, alcohol overuse,
stress, physical injury, infections, and autoimmune diseases.
What are the symptoms of Gastritis?
✔✔ Common signs include stomach discomfort, heartburn, upper abdominal pain,
cramping, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, fever, and fatigue.
✔✔ Blood in vomit (hematemesis) or black, tar-like stools may signal bleeding
ulcers. Long-term gastritis can lead to peptic ulcers, stomach cancer, anemia, or
severe bleeding.
How is Gastritis diagnosed and treated?
✔✔ Diagnosis may involve a medical history, physical exam, imaging (like GI x-
rays), endoscopy (EGD), and tests for H. pylori (breath, stool, or blood tests).
✔✔ Acute gastritis often resolves on its own.
✔✔ Medications may include antacids, acid blockers, and agents to protect the
stomach lining.
✔✔ Dietary changes, smaller meals, and GERD-like management strategies can
also help.
What is Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)?
✔✔ PUD involves sores or lesions that erode the stomach or duodenal lining,
Downloaded by Great Mind ()
,potentially penetrating deep into the wall of the GI tract. The severity can vary
greatly.
What causes PUD and how does it develop?
✔✔ Causes: Most commonly H. pylori infection and frequent NSAID use.
✔✔ Pathophysiology: Ulcers form due to an imbalance between harmful factors
(like acid and enzymes) and protective defenses in the stomach lining.
What are Duodenal Ulcers in PUD?
✔✔ These are usually linked to high acid production or H. pylori.
✔✔ Pain is often relieved by eating.
What are Gastric Ulcers in PUD?
✔✔ Less common but more dangerous. Often linked to NSAID use and possibly
cancer.
✔✔ Pain tends to get worse after meals.
PUD Stress ulcers - ANSWERS✔✔develop because of major physiological
stressor on body due to local tissue ischemia, tissue acidosis, bile salts entering
stomach, and decreased GI motility
most frequently develop in stomach; multiple ulcers can form within hours of the p
oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo
recipitating event
oo
often hemorrhage is the first indication (vomiting blood or blood in stool)
oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo
PUD manifestations/treatment -
oo oo
ANSWERS✔✔epigastric, abd. pain, abd. cramping, heartburn, indigestion, chest
oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo
pain, nausea/voimiting, melena (dark, tarry stools), fatigue, unexplained weight los
oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo
s
Treatment: same as gastritis: antacids, mucosal barrier agents, acid-
oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo
reducing agents possible surgical repair
oo oo oo oo
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,Iron-deficiency Anemia - oo oo
ANSWERS✔✔Not enough iron for hemoglobin production
oo oo oo oo oo oo
erythrocytes pale and small oo oo oo
Etiology: decreased iron consumption/absorption, increased bleeding
oo oo oo oo oo
manifestations in addition to "anemia": brittle nails, headache/irritability, pica, cya
oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo
nosis of sclera of eyes, delayed healing
oo oo oo oo oo oo
Anemia - oo
ANSWERS✔✔common acquired or inherited disorder of erythrocytes that impair
oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo
s the bloods oxygen-carrying capacity.
oo oo oo oo
ETIOLOGY: decrease in # of circulating erythrocytes, reduction in hemoglobin co
oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo
ntent, presence of abnormal hemoglobin
oo oo oo oo
MANIFESTATIONS: weakness, fatigue, pallor, syncope, dyspnea, tachycardia oo oo oo oo oo oo
Pernicious anemia - oo oo
ANSWERS✔✔B12 deficiency or megaloblastic anemia large, immature ery
oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo
throcytes.
usually lack of intrinsic factor (protein necessary for b12 absorption in stomach)
oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo
b12 is needed for cell division and maturity.
oo oo oo oo oo oo oo
too little b12 gradually causes neuro problems because of the breakdown in
oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo
myelin, neuro effects may be seen before anemia is diagnosed.
oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo
Additional manifestations: bleeding gums, diarrhea, impaired smell, DTR loss, an
oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo
orexia, personality/memory changes, + babinski sign, stomatitis, paresthesia of han
oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo
ds and feet, unsteady gait
oo oo oo oo
aplastic anemia - oo oo
ANSWERS✔✔bone marrow fails to make enough blood cells leading to pancytop
oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo
enia
MANIFESTATIONS: general anemia, leukcytopenia, and recurrent infections oo oo oo oo oo oo
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, can be caused by cancers, cancer treatment, pesticides
oo oo oo oo oo oo oo
Sickle cell anemia - ANSWERS✔✔genetic, hemoglobin-
oo oo oo oo oo
s trait vs. gene crescent shape during times of hypoxia, can clump together a
oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo
nd clog vessels.
oo oo
MANIFESTATIONS: swelling in hands and feet, sickle cell crisis, abd. pain, bone oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo
pain, jaundice, skin ulcers, stroke, chest pain
oo oo oo oo oo oo
tissue ischemia and necrosis.
oo oo oo
electrophoresis and stem cell transplant may cure oo oo oo oo oo oo
thalassemia - oo
ANSWERS✔✔genetic, not RBC problem, hemoglobin problem. lack one or 2 pro
oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo
teins that make up hemoglobin
oo oo oo oo
MANIFESTATIONS: heart failure, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, bone defor oo oo oo oo oo oo
mities, jaundice, fatigue, dyspnea
oo oo oo
Idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura (ITP) - oo oo oo oo
ANSWERS✔✔hypocoagulopathy due to immune system destroying its own p
oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo
latelets (autoantibodies) Circulating IgG reacts with the platelets which are the
oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo
n destroyed in the spleen and liver.
oo oo oo oo oo oo
can be acute or chronic
oo oo oo oo
ETIOLOGY: idiopathic, autoimmune disease, live vaccines, immunodeficiency
oo oo oo oo oo oo
disorders, viral infections
oo oo oo
Manifestations: abnormal bleeding (petechiae, epistaxis [nose bleed], hematuria)
oo oo oo oo oo oo oo
ACUTE TREATMENT: glucocorticoid steroids, immunoglobulins, plasmap
oo oo oo oo oo
heresis and platelet pheresis oo oo oo
CHRONIC TREATMENT: splenectomy, blood transfusions, immunosuppressants
oo oo oo oo oo
Thrombotic thrombocytopenia purpura - oo oo oo
ANSWERS✔✔coagulation disorter d/t deficiency of enzyme responsible for c
oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo
leaving von Willebrand factor oo oo oo
DownloadedoobyooGreatooMindoo(
FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS
What is Gastritis and what causes it?
✔✔ Gastritis is the inflammation of the stomach's mucosal lining, which can affect
the entire stomach or just a portion. It may be short-term (acute) or long-lasting
(chronic).
✔✔ Common causes include Helicobacter pylori infection (which disrupts the
mucosal lining through toxins and enzymes), use of NSAIDs, alcohol overuse,
stress, physical injury, infections, and autoimmune diseases.
What are the symptoms of Gastritis?
✔✔ Common signs include stomach discomfort, heartburn, upper abdominal pain,
cramping, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, fever, and fatigue.
✔✔ Blood in vomit (hematemesis) or black, tar-like stools may signal bleeding
ulcers. Long-term gastritis can lead to peptic ulcers, stomach cancer, anemia, or
severe bleeding.
How is Gastritis diagnosed and treated?
✔✔ Diagnosis may involve a medical history, physical exam, imaging (like GI x-
rays), endoscopy (EGD), and tests for H. pylori (breath, stool, or blood tests).
✔✔ Acute gastritis often resolves on its own.
✔✔ Medications may include antacids, acid blockers, and agents to protect the
stomach lining.
✔✔ Dietary changes, smaller meals, and GERD-like management strategies can
also help.
What is Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)?
✔✔ PUD involves sores or lesions that erode the stomach or duodenal lining,
Downloaded by Great Mind ()
,potentially penetrating deep into the wall of the GI tract. The severity can vary
greatly.
What causes PUD and how does it develop?
✔✔ Causes: Most commonly H. pylori infection and frequent NSAID use.
✔✔ Pathophysiology: Ulcers form due to an imbalance between harmful factors
(like acid and enzymes) and protective defenses in the stomach lining.
What are Duodenal Ulcers in PUD?
✔✔ These are usually linked to high acid production or H. pylori.
✔✔ Pain is often relieved by eating.
What are Gastric Ulcers in PUD?
✔✔ Less common but more dangerous. Often linked to NSAID use and possibly
cancer.
✔✔ Pain tends to get worse after meals.
PUD Stress ulcers - ANSWERS✔✔develop because of major physiological
stressor on body due to local tissue ischemia, tissue acidosis, bile salts entering
stomach, and decreased GI motility
most frequently develop in stomach; multiple ulcers can form within hours of the p
oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo
recipitating event
oo
often hemorrhage is the first indication (vomiting blood or blood in stool)
oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo
PUD manifestations/treatment -
oo oo
ANSWERS✔✔epigastric, abd. pain, abd. cramping, heartburn, indigestion, chest
oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo
pain, nausea/voimiting, melena (dark, tarry stools), fatigue, unexplained weight los
oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo
s
Treatment: same as gastritis: antacids, mucosal barrier agents, acid-
oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo
reducing agents possible surgical repair
oo oo oo oo
DownloadedoobyooGreatooMindoo(
,Iron-deficiency Anemia - oo oo
ANSWERS✔✔Not enough iron for hemoglobin production
oo oo oo oo oo oo
erythrocytes pale and small oo oo oo
Etiology: decreased iron consumption/absorption, increased bleeding
oo oo oo oo oo
manifestations in addition to "anemia": brittle nails, headache/irritability, pica, cya
oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo
nosis of sclera of eyes, delayed healing
oo oo oo oo oo oo
Anemia - oo
ANSWERS✔✔common acquired or inherited disorder of erythrocytes that impair
oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo
s the bloods oxygen-carrying capacity.
oo oo oo oo
ETIOLOGY: decrease in # of circulating erythrocytes, reduction in hemoglobin co
oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo
ntent, presence of abnormal hemoglobin
oo oo oo oo
MANIFESTATIONS: weakness, fatigue, pallor, syncope, dyspnea, tachycardia oo oo oo oo oo oo
Pernicious anemia - oo oo
ANSWERS✔✔B12 deficiency or megaloblastic anemia large, immature ery
oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo
throcytes.
usually lack of intrinsic factor (protein necessary for b12 absorption in stomach)
oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo
b12 is needed for cell division and maturity.
oo oo oo oo oo oo oo
too little b12 gradually causes neuro problems because of the breakdown in
oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo
myelin, neuro effects may be seen before anemia is diagnosed.
oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo
Additional manifestations: bleeding gums, diarrhea, impaired smell, DTR loss, an
oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo
orexia, personality/memory changes, + babinski sign, stomatitis, paresthesia of han
oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo
ds and feet, unsteady gait
oo oo oo oo
aplastic anemia - oo oo
ANSWERS✔✔bone marrow fails to make enough blood cells leading to pancytop
oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo
enia
MANIFESTATIONS: general anemia, leukcytopenia, and recurrent infections oo oo oo oo oo oo
DownloadedoobyooGreatooMindoo(
, can be caused by cancers, cancer treatment, pesticides
oo oo oo oo oo oo oo
Sickle cell anemia - ANSWERS✔✔genetic, hemoglobin-
oo oo oo oo oo
s trait vs. gene crescent shape during times of hypoxia, can clump together a
oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo
nd clog vessels.
oo oo
MANIFESTATIONS: swelling in hands and feet, sickle cell crisis, abd. pain, bone oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo
pain, jaundice, skin ulcers, stroke, chest pain
oo oo oo oo oo oo
tissue ischemia and necrosis.
oo oo oo
electrophoresis and stem cell transplant may cure oo oo oo oo oo oo
thalassemia - oo
ANSWERS✔✔genetic, not RBC problem, hemoglobin problem. lack one or 2 pro
oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo
teins that make up hemoglobin
oo oo oo oo
MANIFESTATIONS: heart failure, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, bone defor oo oo oo oo oo oo
mities, jaundice, fatigue, dyspnea
oo oo oo
Idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura (ITP) - oo oo oo oo
ANSWERS✔✔hypocoagulopathy due to immune system destroying its own p
oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo
latelets (autoantibodies) Circulating IgG reacts with the platelets which are the
oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo
n destroyed in the spleen and liver.
oo oo oo oo oo oo
can be acute or chronic
oo oo oo oo
ETIOLOGY: idiopathic, autoimmune disease, live vaccines, immunodeficiency
oo oo oo oo oo oo
disorders, viral infections
oo oo oo
Manifestations: abnormal bleeding (petechiae, epistaxis [nose bleed], hematuria)
oo oo oo oo oo oo oo
ACUTE TREATMENT: glucocorticoid steroids, immunoglobulins, plasmap
oo oo oo oo oo
heresis and platelet pheresis oo oo oo
CHRONIC TREATMENT: splenectomy, blood transfusions, immunosuppressants
oo oo oo oo oo
Thrombotic thrombocytopenia purpura - oo oo oo
ANSWERS✔✔coagulation disorter d/t deficiency of enzyme responsible for c
oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo
leaving von Willebrand factor oo oo oo
DownloadedoobyooGreatooMindoo(
