NSG 1400 EXAM 3 2026/2027 | NURSING STUDY GUIDE, PRACTICE
QUESTIONS, ANSWERS & COMPREHENSIVE EXAM REVIEW
Impaired Central Perfusion - ANS ✔✔Caused by inadequate cardiac output, which leads to reduction in
oxygenated blood reaching the body tissue (systemic effect). This can lead to ischemia, cell injury or
death if untreated.
Impaired Local (Tissue) Perfusion - ANS ✔✔Associated with loss of vessel patency or permeability, or
inadequate central perfusion. Results in impaired blood flow to the body tissue (localized effect). Leads
to ischemia and if untreated, will lead to cell death.
Risk Factors for Perfusion - ANS ✔✔Middle-aged and older adults
Men
African Americans
Inadequate Perfusion in Infants - ANS ✔✔Signs/Symptoms:
Poor feeding, poor weight gain, failure to thrive
Inadequate Perfusion in Toddlers/Children - ANS ✔✔Signs/Symptoms:
Squatting and fatigue, and failure to reach milestones.
Serum Lipid Levels (Perfusion) - ANS ✔✔Total lipids: 400-1,000 mg/dL
Cholesterol: <200 mg/dL
Triglycerides: Male- 40-160 mg/dL
Female- 135-145 mg/dL
HDL: F- >55mg/dL
M- >45 mg/dL
LDL: <130mg/dL
Elevations of lipids indicate CAD.
Platelets (Perfusion) - ANS ✔✔150,000-400,000 cells/mm3
Essential for blood clotting
<100,000 tends to indicate thrombocytopenia.
>400,000 tends to indicate thrombocytosis.
Prothrombin Time - ANS ✔✔Measures clotting factors ability.
11-12.5 seconds
INR - ANS ✔✔0.8-1.1
International Normalized Ratio
Coagulation blood test
aPTT - ANS ✔✔>30-40 seconds
PTT - ANS ✔✔60-70 seconds
, EKG - ANS ✔✔Measures heart rhythm wave deflections and heart rate
Cardiac Stress Test - ANS ✔✔Can use chemical or exercise.
Monitor heart under increased stress.
Normal findings should show no change in electrical conduction and person should not have chest pain.
Electrolytes (Perfusion) - ANS ✔✔Potassium: Profound effects on HR & contractility.
Calcium: High levels can cause dysrythmias.
Magnesium: High levels slow down cardiac conduction.
Low levels increase cardiac irritability and arrthymias
Primary Prevention of Perfusion - ANS ✔✔Smoking/Nicotine cessation, diet, exercise, weight control.
Secondary (Screening) for Perfusion - ANS ✔✔BP screening and lipid screening.
Interventions for Perfusion - ANS ✔✔Most common strategies:
Diet modification and smoking cessation
Increased activity
Pharmacotherapy
Arteriogram - ANS ✔✔Shows visualization of arteries.
Assessment for Perfusion - ANS ✔✔Vital Signs: BP, apical pulse and peripheral pulses.
Auscultation of heart sounds, 2 heart sounds (lub-dub).
Skin temperature and color, check capillary refill (<2 Seconds), check if alert/orient, ask if they have pain
in legs, fingers or toes, check for edema
Impaired Gas Exchange - ANS ✔✔Occurs when diffusion of gases (carbon dioxide and oxygen) becomes
impaired due to:
-Ineffective ventilation
-Reduced capacity for gas transportation due to reduced hemoglobin/RBC
-Inadequate perfusion
Consequence of Severe Impaired Gas Exchange - ANS ✔✔In order:
1. Reduced oxygen in blood (hypoxia) or absence of oxygen in blood (anoxia)
2. Oxygen deprived Tissues
3. Cell death
Risk Factors for Gas Exchange - ANS ✔✔Age (Infants and Older Adults), Smoking, Presence of chronic
diseases such as COPD, cystic fibrosis, heart failure, immunosuppresion, brain injury, prolong immobility.
Elements of Respiratory Assessment (History) - ANS ✔✔-Past medical history, family history, current
medications, lifestyle behaviors, occupation, social environment , problem based history (cough, SOB,
chest pain).
Elements of Respiratory Assessment (Examination) - ANS ✔✔Vital Signs:
-Check 02 saturation (should be higher than 95%)
-Temp may be elevated
QUESTIONS, ANSWERS & COMPREHENSIVE EXAM REVIEW
Impaired Central Perfusion - ANS ✔✔Caused by inadequate cardiac output, which leads to reduction in
oxygenated blood reaching the body tissue (systemic effect). This can lead to ischemia, cell injury or
death if untreated.
Impaired Local (Tissue) Perfusion - ANS ✔✔Associated with loss of vessel patency or permeability, or
inadequate central perfusion. Results in impaired blood flow to the body tissue (localized effect). Leads
to ischemia and if untreated, will lead to cell death.
Risk Factors for Perfusion - ANS ✔✔Middle-aged and older adults
Men
African Americans
Inadequate Perfusion in Infants - ANS ✔✔Signs/Symptoms:
Poor feeding, poor weight gain, failure to thrive
Inadequate Perfusion in Toddlers/Children - ANS ✔✔Signs/Symptoms:
Squatting and fatigue, and failure to reach milestones.
Serum Lipid Levels (Perfusion) - ANS ✔✔Total lipids: 400-1,000 mg/dL
Cholesterol: <200 mg/dL
Triglycerides: Male- 40-160 mg/dL
Female- 135-145 mg/dL
HDL: F- >55mg/dL
M- >45 mg/dL
LDL: <130mg/dL
Elevations of lipids indicate CAD.
Platelets (Perfusion) - ANS ✔✔150,000-400,000 cells/mm3
Essential for blood clotting
<100,000 tends to indicate thrombocytopenia.
>400,000 tends to indicate thrombocytosis.
Prothrombin Time - ANS ✔✔Measures clotting factors ability.
11-12.5 seconds
INR - ANS ✔✔0.8-1.1
International Normalized Ratio
Coagulation blood test
aPTT - ANS ✔✔>30-40 seconds
PTT - ANS ✔✔60-70 seconds
, EKG - ANS ✔✔Measures heart rhythm wave deflections and heart rate
Cardiac Stress Test - ANS ✔✔Can use chemical or exercise.
Monitor heart under increased stress.
Normal findings should show no change in electrical conduction and person should not have chest pain.
Electrolytes (Perfusion) - ANS ✔✔Potassium: Profound effects on HR & contractility.
Calcium: High levels can cause dysrythmias.
Magnesium: High levels slow down cardiac conduction.
Low levels increase cardiac irritability and arrthymias
Primary Prevention of Perfusion - ANS ✔✔Smoking/Nicotine cessation, diet, exercise, weight control.
Secondary (Screening) for Perfusion - ANS ✔✔BP screening and lipid screening.
Interventions for Perfusion - ANS ✔✔Most common strategies:
Diet modification and smoking cessation
Increased activity
Pharmacotherapy
Arteriogram - ANS ✔✔Shows visualization of arteries.
Assessment for Perfusion - ANS ✔✔Vital Signs: BP, apical pulse and peripheral pulses.
Auscultation of heart sounds, 2 heart sounds (lub-dub).
Skin temperature and color, check capillary refill (<2 Seconds), check if alert/orient, ask if they have pain
in legs, fingers or toes, check for edema
Impaired Gas Exchange - ANS ✔✔Occurs when diffusion of gases (carbon dioxide and oxygen) becomes
impaired due to:
-Ineffective ventilation
-Reduced capacity for gas transportation due to reduced hemoglobin/RBC
-Inadequate perfusion
Consequence of Severe Impaired Gas Exchange - ANS ✔✔In order:
1. Reduced oxygen in blood (hypoxia) or absence of oxygen in blood (anoxia)
2. Oxygen deprived Tissues
3. Cell death
Risk Factors for Gas Exchange - ANS ✔✔Age (Infants and Older Adults), Smoking, Presence of chronic
diseases such as COPD, cystic fibrosis, heart failure, immunosuppresion, brain injury, prolong immobility.
Elements of Respiratory Assessment (History) - ANS ✔✔-Past medical history, family history, current
medications, lifestyle behaviors, occupation, social environment , problem based history (cough, SOB,
chest pain).
Elements of Respiratory Assessment (Examination) - ANS ✔✔Vital Signs:
-Check 02 saturation (should be higher than 95%)
-Temp may be elevated
