Earth science
1. Cirrostratus cloud: winter clouds, or rain. They are long, thin, high clouds.
2. Cumulus: cotton clouds that are flu;y and white.
3. Cumulonimbus: thunder, severe weather.
4. Stratus: gray, layered, takes up the whole sky.
5. Cirrus: wispy, feather-like clouds contain ice crystals.
6. Nimbostratus: dark grey cloud, continuous rain, snow, sleet, but no lightning or thunder
produced.
7. An isobar weather map is used to measure pressure.
8. An isotherm weather map is used to measure temperature.
9. Crust: outer layer composed of granite and basalt, has tectonic plates (silicon,
aluminum, carbon, iron, oxygen).
10. Mantle: the thickest layer; semi-solid; rock moves slowly here; tectonic plates float on
top and move with the mantle.
11. Core:
Inner: densest solid layer, hot center due to pressure, cannot extract elements from here.
Outer: made of molten iron and nickel, responsible for Earth's magnetic field.
12. The hydro cycle is driven by solar radiation.
13. Spiral Galaxy: pinwheel-shaped, spins outward, bulge, and arms.
14. Disk: contains young stars, gas, and dust.
15. Elliptical Galaxy: flat, oval-shaped, old stars.
16. Lenticular Galaxy: a mix of elliptical and spiral, has a bulge but no arms.
17. Shortest kind of waves: gamma.
18. Longest kind: radio waves.
19. The Coriolis e;ect is caused by the Earth’s rotation.
20. We know about Earth's core from… seismic waves, meteorites, and density
calculations.
21. Seismic waves: the second kind of waves, much slower, can only pass through solids,
move side to side, and up and down.
22. Primary waves: the first kind of waves, fast-moving, move back and forth and can pass
through solids, liquids, gases, mantle.
23. How does Earth’s magnetic field protect us? It protects us from solar radiation. Earth’s
core is made of iron and nickel, which are magnetic materials, giving us Earth’s
magnetic field.
24. Meteorites are made of iron and nickel.
25. Subduction: the ocean floor sinks below a deep ocean trench and back into the mantle.
, 26. Mid Atlantic ridge: a chain of mountains and volcanoes along Earth’s ocean floor.
27. Gravity: the force of attraction between two objects due to their masses.
28. List the four systems of Earth: geosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, biosphere.
29. How much water (Hydrosphere) is in our oceans: 97 percent.
30. Weathering: the process of breaking down rock into smaller pieces.
31. Lithification: loose unsolidified rock is transformed into solid sedimentary rock through
compaction (squeezing out of water) and cementation (minerals bind together).
#1 Mercury: smallest planet, no air, water, or moon.
#2 Venus: closest, hottest, and brightest, clockwise motion.
#3 Earth:
#4 Mars: red, largest volcanoes, 4 seasons, polar ice caps.
#5 Jupiter: biggest, made of mostly hydrogen gas.
#6 Saturn: 62 moons, dust rings, helium.
#7 Uranus: tilted, 20-year seasons, dust rings.
#8 Neptune: coldest, blue from its methane gas.
32. Coriolis e;ect movement: Right in the NH, Left in the SH.
33. Mineral luster: the appearance or quality of light reflecting o; the surface of a mineral.
34. Tenacity: the ability to resist separation.
35. Streak: colored powder.
36. Organic material in soil: consists of plants or animals that are dead or alive.
37. Microorganisms: break down organic material and release it back into the soil.
38. Subduction zone: continental and oceanic plates converge.
39. Felsic magma: resulting production produces earthquakes and heat that melt crystal
rock.
40. Viscous liquid: thick, slow-moving, caused by friction between liquid molecules.
41. Carbon dating: used for younger fossils.
42. 4 eons:
43. Hadeon: Moon and earth formed, no life
44. Archaea: single-celled life formed, so did continents.
45. Proterozoic: multicellular life formed.
46. Phanerozoic: complex life formed, dinosaurs created, Pangaea.
47. Rock Cycle: sedimentary -> metamorphic -> igneous -> sedimentary.
48. Intrusive rock: forms when magma does not erupt from the surface.
49. Extrusive: forms when magma breaks the surface and cools slowly.
1. Cirrostratus cloud: winter clouds, or rain. They are long, thin, high clouds.
2. Cumulus: cotton clouds that are flu;y and white.
3. Cumulonimbus: thunder, severe weather.
4. Stratus: gray, layered, takes up the whole sky.
5. Cirrus: wispy, feather-like clouds contain ice crystals.
6. Nimbostratus: dark grey cloud, continuous rain, snow, sleet, but no lightning or thunder
produced.
7. An isobar weather map is used to measure pressure.
8. An isotherm weather map is used to measure temperature.
9. Crust: outer layer composed of granite and basalt, has tectonic plates (silicon,
aluminum, carbon, iron, oxygen).
10. Mantle: the thickest layer; semi-solid; rock moves slowly here; tectonic plates float on
top and move with the mantle.
11. Core:
Inner: densest solid layer, hot center due to pressure, cannot extract elements from here.
Outer: made of molten iron and nickel, responsible for Earth's magnetic field.
12. The hydro cycle is driven by solar radiation.
13. Spiral Galaxy: pinwheel-shaped, spins outward, bulge, and arms.
14. Disk: contains young stars, gas, and dust.
15. Elliptical Galaxy: flat, oval-shaped, old stars.
16. Lenticular Galaxy: a mix of elliptical and spiral, has a bulge but no arms.
17. Shortest kind of waves: gamma.
18. Longest kind: radio waves.
19. The Coriolis e;ect is caused by the Earth’s rotation.
20. We know about Earth's core from… seismic waves, meteorites, and density
calculations.
21. Seismic waves: the second kind of waves, much slower, can only pass through solids,
move side to side, and up and down.
22. Primary waves: the first kind of waves, fast-moving, move back and forth and can pass
through solids, liquids, gases, mantle.
23. How does Earth’s magnetic field protect us? It protects us from solar radiation. Earth’s
core is made of iron and nickel, which are magnetic materials, giving us Earth’s
magnetic field.
24. Meteorites are made of iron and nickel.
25. Subduction: the ocean floor sinks below a deep ocean trench and back into the mantle.
, 26. Mid Atlantic ridge: a chain of mountains and volcanoes along Earth’s ocean floor.
27. Gravity: the force of attraction between two objects due to their masses.
28. List the four systems of Earth: geosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, biosphere.
29. How much water (Hydrosphere) is in our oceans: 97 percent.
30. Weathering: the process of breaking down rock into smaller pieces.
31. Lithification: loose unsolidified rock is transformed into solid sedimentary rock through
compaction (squeezing out of water) and cementation (minerals bind together).
#1 Mercury: smallest planet, no air, water, or moon.
#2 Venus: closest, hottest, and brightest, clockwise motion.
#3 Earth:
#4 Mars: red, largest volcanoes, 4 seasons, polar ice caps.
#5 Jupiter: biggest, made of mostly hydrogen gas.
#6 Saturn: 62 moons, dust rings, helium.
#7 Uranus: tilted, 20-year seasons, dust rings.
#8 Neptune: coldest, blue from its methane gas.
32. Coriolis e;ect movement: Right in the NH, Left in the SH.
33. Mineral luster: the appearance or quality of light reflecting o; the surface of a mineral.
34. Tenacity: the ability to resist separation.
35. Streak: colored powder.
36. Organic material in soil: consists of plants or animals that are dead or alive.
37. Microorganisms: break down organic material and release it back into the soil.
38. Subduction zone: continental and oceanic plates converge.
39. Felsic magma: resulting production produces earthquakes and heat that melt crystal
rock.
40. Viscous liquid: thick, slow-moving, caused by friction between liquid molecules.
41. Carbon dating: used for younger fossils.
42. 4 eons:
43. Hadeon: Moon and earth formed, no life
44. Archaea: single-celled life formed, so did continents.
45. Proterozoic: multicellular life formed.
46. Phanerozoic: complex life formed, dinosaurs created, Pangaea.
47. Rock Cycle: sedimentary -> metamorphic -> igneous -> sedimentary.
48. Intrusive rock: forms when magma does not erupt from the surface.
49. Extrusive: forms when magma breaks the surface and cools slowly.
