MSU HNF 150 EXAM 2 2026/2027 | STUDY GUIDE, PRACTICE QUESTIONS,
ANSWERS & COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW
Protein contains - ANS ✔✔Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen
Protein - ANS ✔✔compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen and arranged as
strands of amino acids.
Amino acid side chains - ANS ✔✔Valine - 3 carbon
Leucine - 4 carbon
Tyrosine - 7 carbon
Amino acids: - ANS ✔✔are the building blocks of protein
State the different paths an amino acid can take once it is in a cell - ANS ✔✔- The amino acid can be
used as is to build part of a growing protein
- Make another needed compound, such as the vitamin niacin
- Make another type of amino acid
- Convert to glucose and burned as energy or stored as glycogen
- Convert to fat and burned for energy or stored in adipose tissue
Amino Acid Side Chains - ANS ✔✔Size
Shape
Electrical charge
3 Amino Acids - ANS ✔✔Valine
Leucine
Tyrosine
Polypeptide - ANS ✔✔protein fragments of many (more than 10) amino acids bonded together (Poly
means "many").
Dipeptide - ANS ✔✔protein fragments that are two amino acids long (di means "two")
Tripeptide - ANS ✔✔protein fragments that are 3 amino acids long (tri means"three")
HCl - ANS ✔✔a strong corrosive acid of hydrogen and chloride atoms, produced by the stomach to assist
in digestion. Denatures protein→ uncoils the strands
Electrolyte balance: - ANS ✔✔the distribution of fluid and dissolved particles among body
compartments
Enzyme: - ANS ✔✔proteins that facilitate chemical reactions without being changed in the process;
protein catalysts.
, Edema: - ANS ✔✔swelling of body tissue caused by leakage of fluid from the blood vessels; seen in
protein deficiency (among other conditions).
Limiting amino acid - ANS ✔✔an essential amino acid that is present in dietary protein in an insufficient
amount, thereby limiting the body's ability to build protein.
7 Roles of Protein - ANS ✔✔1. Supporting growth and maintenance
2. Building enzymes, hormones, and other compounds
3. Transport and reddit recognition proteins
4. Building antibodies
5. Maintaining acid base balance
6. Maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance
7. Energy (and energy storage)
Protein synthesis: - ANS ✔✔the sequence of our protein determined by our genes
Where does chemical digestion of protein begin? - ANS ✔✔In the stomach when acid denatures the
protein
The stomach lining is protected from the very strong acid of the stomach by: - ANS ✔✔a coat of mucus
About how many amino acids are considered to be essential amino acids? - ANS ✔✔9
During protein formation, if an essential amino acid is missing, what can happen to the remaining amino
acids? - ANS ✔✔They are used to create energy
Essential amino acid: - ANS ✔✔amino acids that either cannot be synthesized at all by the body or
cannot be synthesized in amounts sufficient to meet physiological needs.
The disease that is characterized by accumulation of deposits within the arteries resulting in inflexibility
of the vessel and potential blocagie is named - ANS ✔✔Atheroscierosis
Which fatty acids elevate LDL cholesterol and thus elevate the risk of heart disease and heart attack? -
ANS ✔✔trans fatty acids
Muscle cell, lipid and calcium deposits in the artery walls is the defintion in which term - ANS ✔✔Plaque
Which of the following is a characteristic of LDL - ANS ✔✔It is less dense than HDL
The risk of cardiovascular disease is reduced when saturated fat is replaced in the diet with which of the
following fats - ANS ✔✔Monounsaturated fat
Which of the following fats is made artificially to resemble saturated fats? - ANS ✔✔trans fat
What is the definition of bile? - ANS ✔✔An emulsifier made by the liver from cholestreol and stored in
the gallbladder
Cholesterol is found in - ANS ✔✔chicken breasts
ANSWERS & COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW
Protein contains - ANS ✔✔Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen
Protein - ANS ✔✔compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen and arranged as
strands of amino acids.
Amino acid side chains - ANS ✔✔Valine - 3 carbon
Leucine - 4 carbon
Tyrosine - 7 carbon
Amino acids: - ANS ✔✔are the building blocks of protein
State the different paths an amino acid can take once it is in a cell - ANS ✔✔- The amino acid can be
used as is to build part of a growing protein
- Make another needed compound, such as the vitamin niacin
- Make another type of amino acid
- Convert to glucose and burned as energy or stored as glycogen
- Convert to fat and burned for energy or stored in adipose tissue
Amino Acid Side Chains - ANS ✔✔Size
Shape
Electrical charge
3 Amino Acids - ANS ✔✔Valine
Leucine
Tyrosine
Polypeptide - ANS ✔✔protein fragments of many (more than 10) amino acids bonded together (Poly
means "many").
Dipeptide - ANS ✔✔protein fragments that are two amino acids long (di means "two")
Tripeptide - ANS ✔✔protein fragments that are 3 amino acids long (tri means"three")
HCl - ANS ✔✔a strong corrosive acid of hydrogen and chloride atoms, produced by the stomach to assist
in digestion. Denatures protein→ uncoils the strands
Electrolyte balance: - ANS ✔✔the distribution of fluid and dissolved particles among body
compartments
Enzyme: - ANS ✔✔proteins that facilitate chemical reactions without being changed in the process;
protein catalysts.
, Edema: - ANS ✔✔swelling of body tissue caused by leakage of fluid from the blood vessels; seen in
protein deficiency (among other conditions).
Limiting amino acid - ANS ✔✔an essential amino acid that is present in dietary protein in an insufficient
amount, thereby limiting the body's ability to build protein.
7 Roles of Protein - ANS ✔✔1. Supporting growth and maintenance
2. Building enzymes, hormones, and other compounds
3. Transport and reddit recognition proteins
4. Building antibodies
5. Maintaining acid base balance
6. Maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance
7. Energy (and energy storage)
Protein synthesis: - ANS ✔✔the sequence of our protein determined by our genes
Where does chemical digestion of protein begin? - ANS ✔✔In the stomach when acid denatures the
protein
The stomach lining is protected from the very strong acid of the stomach by: - ANS ✔✔a coat of mucus
About how many amino acids are considered to be essential amino acids? - ANS ✔✔9
During protein formation, if an essential amino acid is missing, what can happen to the remaining amino
acids? - ANS ✔✔They are used to create energy
Essential amino acid: - ANS ✔✔amino acids that either cannot be synthesized at all by the body or
cannot be synthesized in amounts sufficient to meet physiological needs.
The disease that is characterized by accumulation of deposits within the arteries resulting in inflexibility
of the vessel and potential blocagie is named - ANS ✔✔Atheroscierosis
Which fatty acids elevate LDL cholesterol and thus elevate the risk of heart disease and heart attack? -
ANS ✔✔trans fatty acids
Muscle cell, lipid and calcium deposits in the artery walls is the defintion in which term - ANS ✔✔Plaque
Which of the following is a characteristic of LDL - ANS ✔✔It is less dense than HDL
The risk of cardiovascular disease is reduced when saturated fat is replaced in the diet with which of the
following fats - ANS ✔✔Monounsaturated fat
Which of the following fats is made artificially to resemble saturated fats? - ANS ✔✔trans fat
What is the definition of bile? - ANS ✔✔An emulsifier made by the liver from cholestreol and stored in
the gallbladder
Cholesterol is found in - ANS ✔✔chicken breasts
