NUR-641E Advanced Pathophysiology and Pharmacology for the Nurse Educator
NUR-641E Advanced Pathophysiology and Pharmacology for the Nurse Ed
ucator
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_3gg764
1. Pharmacokinet- Involves ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination).
ics
Absorption: absorption from the administration site either directly or indirectly
into the blood/plasma.
Distribution: reversibly or irreversibly move from the bloodstream into the inter-
stitial and intracellular fluid.
Metabolism: bio-transformed via hepatic metabolism or by other tissues.
Elimination: lastly, the drug & its metabolites are eliminated from the body
2. The route of ad- Intravenous; putting entire dose into a patient's vein and bypassing absorption.
ministration with Intravenous route avoids first-pass metabolism in the liver.
the highest
bio-availability is
3. rectal adminis- variable and erratic absorption
tration disadvan-
tages
4. Steady state (SS) is usually reached within 4-5 half-lives of a drug
5. The half-life of a how long it takes for half the drug to be excreted from the body
drug is defined
as
6. Half-life of a drug Determines how frequently the drug must be administered
Predicts how long toxic effects can last
Half-life is constant with first-order pharmacokinetics of a drug
, NUR-641E Advanced Pathophysiology and Pharmacology for the Nurse Educator
NUR-641E Advanced Pathophysiology and Pharmacology for the Nurse Ed
ucator
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_3gg764
Zero-order (nonlinear) pharmacokinetics means a drug is metabolized at a con-
stant rate per unit time.
7. CYP3A4 sub- May have enhanced activity if any CYP3A4 inducer drugs are used along with it.
strate drugs
8. Drug develop- Discovery: laboratory research to develop the new drug
ment steps (ac-
cording to the Pre-clinical research with animal testing for safety (Phase I)
FDA)
Clinical research on human subjects for medication safety (Phase II)
Clinical research in humans comparing the new drug to accepted medications or
placebo depending on the study (Phase III)
FDA review of the results to determine approval
Post-marketing study to identify adverse effects not found in earlier clinical studies
(Phase IV)
9. Medication safe- The Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP)
ty organizations
The Institute of Medicine (IOM)
The Joint Commission
The National Coordinating Council for Medication Error Reporting and Prevention
(NCCMERP)
Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Safe Use Initiative
10. Adverse Drug Re- Two basic type of ADRs: pharmacological and idiosyncratic.
actions (ADRs)
85% to 90% of ADRs are pharmacological.
, NUR-641E Advanced Pathophysiology and Pharmacology for the Nurse Educator
NUR-641E Advanced Pathophysiology and Pharmacology for the Nurse Ed
ucator
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_3gg764
Adverse drug reactions are usually preventable, frequently occur in a hospital
or nursing home setting, and include medication errors, adverse drug effects,
allergic and idiosyncratic type reactions.
ADRs are not commonly reported; the FDA does not mandate that ADRs be
reported.
Polypharmacy involves using multiple healthcare providers for care, using multi-
ple medications, and using several pharmacies for prescription filling.
11. Cardiovascu- Lisinopril, captopril, enalapril, ramipril, benazepril, fosinopril;
lar-Angiotensin *ACEIs reduce blood pressure by suppressing the release of angiotensin-convert-
converting ing enzyme.
enzyme *Important side effects of ACE inhibitors include cough and angioedema; discon-
inhibitors tinue the ACEI if angioedema occurs.
(ACEIs):
12. Angiotensin II re- Candesartan (Atacand), eprosartan (Teveten), irbesartan (Avapro), losartan
ceptor blocking (Cozaar), telmisartan (Micardis) and valsartan (Diovan).
agents (ARBs): ARBs reduce blood pressure by blocking angiotensin II receptors.
13. Cardiovascu- Accounts for 90% of cases; secondary hypertension may be caused by chronic
lar-Essential renal failure.
(primary)
hypertension
14. Nitroglycerin nitrate drug used in the treatment of angina; a nitrate drug that can be adminis-
tered IV, SL, a topical ointment and as a transdermal patch
15. PDE-5 inhibitors -Pulmonary hypertension therapy
-Include sildenafil. Inhibit cGMP PDE5 and prolong vasodilatory effect of nitric
oxide.
NUR-641E Advanced Pathophysiology and Pharmacology for the Nurse Ed
ucator
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_3gg764
1. Pharmacokinet- Involves ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination).
ics
Absorption: absorption from the administration site either directly or indirectly
into the blood/plasma.
Distribution: reversibly or irreversibly move from the bloodstream into the inter-
stitial and intracellular fluid.
Metabolism: bio-transformed via hepatic metabolism or by other tissues.
Elimination: lastly, the drug & its metabolites are eliminated from the body
2. The route of ad- Intravenous; putting entire dose into a patient's vein and bypassing absorption.
ministration with Intravenous route avoids first-pass metabolism in the liver.
the highest
bio-availability is
3. rectal adminis- variable and erratic absorption
tration disadvan-
tages
4. Steady state (SS) is usually reached within 4-5 half-lives of a drug
5. The half-life of a how long it takes for half the drug to be excreted from the body
drug is defined
as
6. Half-life of a drug Determines how frequently the drug must be administered
Predicts how long toxic effects can last
Half-life is constant with first-order pharmacokinetics of a drug
, NUR-641E Advanced Pathophysiology and Pharmacology for the Nurse Educator
NUR-641E Advanced Pathophysiology and Pharmacology for the Nurse Ed
ucator
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_3gg764
Zero-order (nonlinear) pharmacokinetics means a drug is metabolized at a con-
stant rate per unit time.
7. CYP3A4 sub- May have enhanced activity if any CYP3A4 inducer drugs are used along with it.
strate drugs
8. Drug develop- Discovery: laboratory research to develop the new drug
ment steps (ac-
cording to the Pre-clinical research with animal testing for safety (Phase I)
FDA)
Clinical research on human subjects for medication safety (Phase II)
Clinical research in humans comparing the new drug to accepted medications or
placebo depending on the study (Phase III)
FDA review of the results to determine approval
Post-marketing study to identify adverse effects not found in earlier clinical studies
(Phase IV)
9. Medication safe- The Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP)
ty organizations
The Institute of Medicine (IOM)
The Joint Commission
The National Coordinating Council for Medication Error Reporting and Prevention
(NCCMERP)
Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Safe Use Initiative
10. Adverse Drug Re- Two basic type of ADRs: pharmacological and idiosyncratic.
actions (ADRs)
85% to 90% of ADRs are pharmacological.
, NUR-641E Advanced Pathophysiology and Pharmacology for the Nurse Educator
NUR-641E Advanced Pathophysiology and Pharmacology for the Nurse Ed
ucator
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_3gg764
Adverse drug reactions are usually preventable, frequently occur in a hospital
or nursing home setting, and include medication errors, adverse drug effects,
allergic and idiosyncratic type reactions.
ADRs are not commonly reported; the FDA does not mandate that ADRs be
reported.
Polypharmacy involves using multiple healthcare providers for care, using multi-
ple medications, and using several pharmacies for prescription filling.
11. Cardiovascu- Lisinopril, captopril, enalapril, ramipril, benazepril, fosinopril;
lar-Angiotensin *ACEIs reduce blood pressure by suppressing the release of angiotensin-convert-
converting ing enzyme.
enzyme *Important side effects of ACE inhibitors include cough and angioedema; discon-
inhibitors tinue the ACEI if angioedema occurs.
(ACEIs):
12. Angiotensin II re- Candesartan (Atacand), eprosartan (Teveten), irbesartan (Avapro), losartan
ceptor blocking (Cozaar), telmisartan (Micardis) and valsartan (Diovan).
agents (ARBs): ARBs reduce blood pressure by blocking angiotensin II receptors.
13. Cardiovascu- Accounts for 90% of cases; secondary hypertension may be caused by chronic
lar-Essential renal failure.
(primary)
hypertension
14. Nitroglycerin nitrate drug used in the treatment of angina; a nitrate drug that can be adminis-
tered IV, SL, a topical ointment and as a transdermal patch
15. PDE-5 inhibitors -Pulmonary hypertension therapy
-Include sildenafil. Inhibit cGMP PDE5 and prolong vasodilatory effect of nitric
oxide.
