WGU D312 ANATOMY AND
PHYSIOLOGY I EXAM WITH ACTUAL
CORRECT QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED
DETAILED ANSWERS|FREQUENTLY
ASKED QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS|NEWEST|GUARANTEED
PASS 2026/2027
What is the role of an effector in a negative feedback system?
In a negative feedback system, the effector plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis by carrying
out the response to a stimulus. Here's how it works:
Detection: A receptor detects a change in a physiological variable (e.g., temperature, blood sugar levels).
Signal Processing: The control center (often the brain or endocrine glands) processes this information
and determines the appropriate response.
Action: The effector enacts the response to counteract the initial change and bring the variable back to
its set point.
For example, if your body temperature drops, the effector (such as muscles shivering) generates heat to
raise your body temperature back to normal.
What is the correct order of the epidermis layer arranged from deep to superficial?
1. Stratum basale (or stratum germinativum)
2. Stratum spinosum
3. Stratum granulosum
4. Stratum lucidum (only present in thick skin, such as the palms and soles)
5. Stratum corneum
Which skin layer contains Langerhans cells?
Langerhans cells are primarily found in the stratum spinosum layer of the epidermis. These cells play a
key role in the skin's immune defense by acting as antigen-presenting cells, which help detect and fight
pathogens.
Which degree of burn affects the underlying bones and muscles?
1|Page
,Fourth-degree burns are the most severe and affect not only all layers of the skin but also the underlying
bones, muscles, and tendons. These burns often appear charred or white and are typically painless
because the nerve endings are destroyed.
Which part of the long bone has an epiphyseal line?
The epiphyseal line is located at the junction between the diaphysis (the shaft or central part of the
bone) and the epiphysis (the end part of the bone) in long bones. This line is a remnant of the epiphyseal
plate (growth plate) and indicates that the bone has completed its growth in length.
Which suture is present between the left and right parietal lobes?
The suture present between the left and right parietal lobes is the sagittal suture. This suture runs along
the midline of the skull, connecting the two parietal bones.
Which two bones form the pectoral girdle?
The pectoral girdle, also known as the shoulder girdle, is formed by two bones: the clavicle (collarbone)
and the scapula (shoulder blade). These bones work together to connect the upper limb to the axial
skeleton and provide a wide range of motion for the shoulder and arm.
What are the periodic invaginations in sarcolemma called?
The periodic invaginations in the sarcolemma are called T-tubules (transverse tubules). These structures
play a crucial role in conducting electrical impulses from the surface of the muscle fiber to its interior,
ensuring that the muscle contracts efficiently and uniformly.
Which medially placed group of muscles is part of the erector spine?
The spinals muscles are the most medially placed group within the erector spine muscle group. These
muscles are located closest to the spine and are responsible for extending and laterally flexing the
cervical and thoracic regions of the spine.
Which thigh muscle is situated below the adductor longus?
The muscle situated below the adductor longus is the adductor magnus. This muscle is a large, triangular
muscle located in the medial compartment of the thigh and plays a significant role in adducting and
medially rotating the thigh
What is the role of oligodendrocytes?
Oligodendrocytes play a crucial role in the central nervous system (CNS) by producing the myelin sheath
that insulates axons. This myelination is essential for the efficient transmission of electrical impulses
along nerve fibers, which helps in the rapid and coordinated communication between neurons.
Additionally, oligodendrocytes provide metabolic support to neurons and contribute to maintaining a
stable microenvironment within the CNS.
Which membrane channel is able to open due to a physical distortion?
2|Page
, The membrane channel that opens due to physical distortion is the mechanically gated channel. These
channels respond to mechanical changes such as stretch, pressure, or vibration and are crucial in
sensory processes like touch and hearing.
Which nerve controls the lifting of the upper eyelid?
The nerve responsible for controlling the lifting of the upper eyelid is the oculomotor nerve (cranial
nerve III). It innervates the elevator palpebrae superiors muscle, which is essential for elevating the
upper eyelid.
Which hormones are secreted from the posterior pituitary gland?
The posterior pituitary gland secretes two main hormones: oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH),
also known as vasopressin.
Oxytocin plays a crucial role in childbirth and lactation, stimulating uterine contractions and milk
ejection.
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) helps regulate water balance in the body by increasing water reabsorption
in the kidneys.
Which endocrine gland secretes glucagon?
Glucagon is secreted by the pancreas. Specifically, it is produced by the alpha cells in the islets of
Langerhans within the pancreas.
Glucagon plays a crucial role in regulating blood sugar levels by promoting the conversion of stored
glycogen in the liver into glucose, which is then released into the bloodstream.
Which glycoprotein hormone is secreted from the anterior pituitary gland?
The anterior pituitary gland secretes several glycoprotein hormones, including:
Luteinizing hormone (LH): Stimulates the secretion of sex hormones by the ovaries and testes.
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH): Promotes the growth and maturation of ovarian follicles in females
and spermatogenesis in males.
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH): Stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones.
These hormones play crucial roles in regulating various physiological processes, including reproduction
and metabolism.
The cell's central organelle; contains the cell's DNA
Nucleus
The jelly-like substance in which the cell organelles and nucleus are embedded
Cytoplasm
A thin and flexible membrane surrounding the cells that acts as a barrier between the intracellular and
the extracellular fluids
Cell membrane
A membrane-associated protein that spans the entire width of the lipid bilayer.
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PHYSIOLOGY I EXAM WITH ACTUAL
CORRECT QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED
DETAILED ANSWERS|FREQUENTLY
ASKED QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS|NEWEST|GUARANTEED
PASS 2026/2027
What is the role of an effector in a negative feedback system?
In a negative feedback system, the effector plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis by carrying
out the response to a stimulus. Here's how it works:
Detection: A receptor detects a change in a physiological variable (e.g., temperature, blood sugar levels).
Signal Processing: The control center (often the brain or endocrine glands) processes this information
and determines the appropriate response.
Action: The effector enacts the response to counteract the initial change and bring the variable back to
its set point.
For example, if your body temperature drops, the effector (such as muscles shivering) generates heat to
raise your body temperature back to normal.
What is the correct order of the epidermis layer arranged from deep to superficial?
1. Stratum basale (or stratum germinativum)
2. Stratum spinosum
3. Stratum granulosum
4. Stratum lucidum (only present in thick skin, such as the palms and soles)
5. Stratum corneum
Which skin layer contains Langerhans cells?
Langerhans cells are primarily found in the stratum spinosum layer of the epidermis. These cells play a
key role in the skin's immune defense by acting as antigen-presenting cells, which help detect and fight
pathogens.
Which degree of burn affects the underlying bones and muscles?
1|Page
,Fourth-degree burns are the most severe and affect not only all layers of the skin but also the underlying
bones, muscles, and tendons. These burns often appear charred or white and are typically painless
because the nerve endings are destroyed.
Which part of the long bone has an epiphyseal line?
The epiphyseal line is located at the junction between the diaphysis (the shaft or central part of the
bone) and the epiphysis (the end part of the bone) in long bones. This line is a remnant of the epiphyseal
plate (growth plate) and indicates that the bone has completed its growth in length.
Which suture is present between the left and right parietal lobes?
The suture present between the left and right parietal lobes is the sagittal suture. This suture runs along
the midline of the skull, connecting the two parietal bones.
Which two bones form the pectoral girdle?
The pectoral girdle, also known as the shoulder girdle, is formed by two bones: the clavicle (collarbone)
and the scapula (shoulder blade). These bones work together to connect the upper limb to the axial
skeleton and provide a wide range of motion for the shoulder and arm.
What are the periodic invaginations in sarcolemma called?
The periodic invaginations in the sarcolemma are called T-tubules (transverse tubules). These structures
play a crucial role in conducting electrical impulses from the surface of the muscle fiber to its interior,
ensuring that the muscle contracts efficiently and uniformly.
Which medially placed group of muscles is part of the erector spine?
The spinals muscles are the most medially placed group within the erector spine muscle group. These
muscles are located closest to the spine and are responsible for extending and laterally flexing the
cervical and thoracic regions of the spine.
Which thigh muscle is situated below the adductor longus?
The muscle situated below the adductor longus is the adductor magnus. This muscle is a large, triangular
muscle located in the medial compartment of the thigh and plays a significant role in adducting and
medially rotating the thigh
What is the role of oligodendrocytes?
Oligodendrocytes play a crucial role in the central nervous system (CNS) by producing the myelin sheath
that insulates axons. This myelination is essential for the efficient transmission of electrical impulses
along nerve fibers, which helps in the rapid and coordinated communication between neurons.
Additionally, oligodendrocytes provide metabolic support to neurons and contribute to maintaining a
stable microenvironment within the CNS.
Which membrane channel is able to open due to a physical distortion?
2|Page
, The membrane channel that opens due to physical distortion is the mechanically gated channel. These
channels respond to mechanical changes such as stretch, pressure, or vibration and are crucial in
sensory processes like touch and hearing.
Which nerve controls the lifting of the upper eyelid?
The nerve responsible for controlling the lifting of the upper eyelid is the oculomotor nerve (cranial
nerve III). It innervates the elevator palpebrae superiors muscle, which is essential for elevating the
upper eyelid.
Which hormones are secreted from the posterior pituitary gland?
The posterior pituitary gland secretes two main hormones: oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH),
also known as vasopressin.
Oxytocin plays a crucial role in childbirth and lactation, stimulating uterine contractions and milk
ejection.
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) helps regulate water balance in the body by increasing water reabsorption
in the kidneys.
Which endocrine gland secretes glucagon?
Glucagon is secreted by the pancreas. Specifically, it is produced by the alpha cells in the islets of
Langerhans within the pancreas.
Glucagon plays a crucial role in regulating blood sugar levels by promoting the conversion of stored
glycogen in the liver into glucose, which is then released into the bloodstream.
Which glycoprotein hormone is secreted from the anterior pituitary gland?
The anterior pituitary gland secretes several glycoprotein hormones, including:
Luteinizing hormone (LH): Stimulates the secretion of sex hormones by the ovaries and testes.
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH): Promotes the growth and maturation of ovarian follicles in females
and spermatogenesis in males.
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH): Stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones.
These hormones play crucial roles in regulating various physiological processes, including reproduction
and metabolism.
The cell's central organelle; contains the cell's DNA
Nucleus
The jelly-like substance in which the cell organelles and nucleus are embedded
Cytoplasm
A thin and flexible membrane surrounding the cells that acts as a barrier between the intracellular and
the extracellular fluids
Cell membrane
A membrane-associated protein that spans the entire width of the lipid bilayer.
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