NSG 5140 ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
1. Which cellular process involves the regulated sequence of events leading to cell death
without initiating an inflammatory response?
A. Necrosis
B. Apoptosis
C. Autolysis
D. Hyperplasia
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: Apoptosis is a programmed, organized cell death that does not
leak cellular contents, thus avoiding inflammation, unlike necrosis.
2. In the context of epigenetic regulation, what is the primary effect of DNA methylation?
A. Enhancing gene transcription
B. Silencing gene expression
C. Silent mutation of base pairs
D. Increasing protein synthesis
,Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: DNA methylation typically occurs at CpG islands and acts to
repress or silence gene expression by preventing the binding of transcription factors.
3. Which mechanism describes the pathophysiology of Type II hypersensitivity reactions?
A. Antibody-mediated cell destruction or dysfunction
B. IgE-mediated mast cell degranulation
C. T-cell mediated cytotoxicity
D. Immune complex deposition in tissues
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Type II hypersensitivity involves IgG or IgM antibodies directed
against antigens on specific cell surfaces or tissues, leading to cell destruction (e.g.,
hemolytic anemia).
4. A patient presents with high serum sodium and low urine osmolality. Which condition is
most likely?
A. SIADH
B. Addison’s Disease
C. Hyperaldosteronism
D. Diabetes Insipidus
Answer: D
, Conceptual Explanation: Diabetes Insipidus is characterized by a deficiency of ADH or
resistance to it, leading to the excretion of large amounts of dilute urine and resulting in
hypernatremia.
5. Which tumor suppressor gene is frequently mutated in over 50% of all human cancers?
A. HER2/neu
B. TP53
C. RAS
D. MYC
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: The TP53 gene encodes the p53 protein, which monitors DNA
integrity; it is the most commonly mutated tumor suppressor gene in human oncology.
6. In Myasthenia Gravis, the autoantibodies are primarily directed against which structure?
A. Voltage-gated calcium channels
B. Presynaptic terminal vesicles
C. Dopamine transporters
D. Acetylcholine receptors at the NMJ
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Myasthenia Gravis is an autoimmune disorder where antibodies
attack the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors at the postsynaptic neuromuscular junction.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
1. Which cellular process involves the regulated sequence of events leading to cell death
without initiating an inflammatory response?
A. Necrosis
B. Apoptosis
C. Autolysis
D. Hyperplasia
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: Apoptosis is a programmed, organized cell death that does not
leak cellular contents, thus avoiding inflammation, unlike necrosis.
2. In the context of epigenetic regulation, what is the primary effect of DNA methylation?
A. Enhancing gene transcription
B. Silencing gene expression
C. Silent mutation of base pairs
D. Increasing protein synthesis
,Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: DNA methylation typically occurs at CpG islands and acts to
repress or silence gene expression by preventing the binding of transcription factors.
3. Which mechanism describes the pathophysiology of Type II hypersensitivity reactions?
A. Antibody-mediated cell destruction or dysfunction
B. IgE-mediated mast cell degranulation
C. T-cell mediated cytotoxicity
D. Immune complex deposition in tissues
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Type II hypersensitivity involves IgG or IgM antibodies directed
against antigens on specific cell surfaces or tissues, leading to cell destruction (e.g.,
hemolytic anemia).
4. A patient presents with high serum sodium and low urine osmolality. Which condition is
most likely?
A. SIADH
B. Addison’s Disease
C. Hyperaldosteronism
D. Diabetes Insipidus
Answer: D
, Conceptual Explanation: Diabetes Insipidus is characterized by a deficiency of ADH or
resistance to it, leading to the excretion of large amounts of dilute urine and resulting in
hypernatremia.
5. Which tumor suppressor gene is frequently mutated in over 50% of all human cancers?
A. HER2/neu
B. TP53
C. RAS
D. MYC
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: The TP53 gene encodes the p53 protein, which monitors DNA
integrity; it is the most commonly mutated tumor suppressor gene in human oncology.
6. In Myasthenia Gravis, the autoantibodies are primarily directed against which structure?
A. Voltage-gated calcium channels
B. Presynaptic terminal vesicles
C. Dopamine transporters
D. Acetylcholine receptors at the NMJ
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Myasthenia Gravis is an autoimmune disorder where antibodies
attack the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors at the postsynaptic neuromuscular junction.
