APHY 102 FINAL- IVY TECH SUMMER 2021
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1. What regulates The pituitary gland is directly connected to the hypothalamus. Secretion from
pituitary gland the 2 lobes of the pituitary gland is controlled by different methods by the
secretion? hypothalamus
2. What is a hor- Hormones are chemical messengers that are responsible for regulation. They are
mone and how secreted into body fluids, mainly blood. It has specific actions on target tissues,
does it act? which are any tissue that has specific receptors for that particular hormone.
3. Compare and o Insulin helps the cells absorb glucose, reducing blood sugar and providing the
contrast cells with glucose for energy. When blood sugar levels are too low, the pancreas
glucagon and releases glucagon.
insulin. o Glucagon instructs the liver to release stored glucose, which causes blood sugar
to rise.
• Both work to keep blood glucose concentration constant, but glucagon breaks
down glycogen into glucose and insulin forms glycogen from glucose.
4. How are o Hormones are both produced and act inside the body of an organism whereas,
pheromones dif- o pheromones are produced interiorly, but function outside the body. Hormone
ferent than hor- changes the interior of the body and finally causes to have behavioral alterations,
mones? whereas pheromones are capable of directly changing the social behaviors of
others. Hormones are present in both animals and plants, but pheromones are
present in animals only
5. How is inhibin One of two hormones (designated inhibin-A and inhibin-B) secreted by the
used in the body? gonads (by Sertoli cells in the male and the granulosa cells in the female) and
that inhibit the production of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) by the pituitary
gland.
6. Differentiate be- o Paracrine - hormones enter the interstitial fluid but affect only neighboring
tween paracrine, cells.
autocrine, en- o Autocrine - hormones affect only the secreting cell.
docrine, and ex- o Endocrine - hormones are secreted from the interstitial fluid into the blood-
ocrine glands.
, APHY 102 FINAL- IVY TECH SUMMER 2021
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stream and act on target cells.
o Exocrine - secretions enter tubes or ducts that lead to body surfaces.
7. How is diabetes o Diabetes mellitus is characterized by high levels of sugar in the blood while
insipidus differ- o diabetes insipidus is a disease where kidneys are unable to conserve water
ent than diabetes
mellitus?
8. Describe steroid All steroid hormones are derived from cholesterol. These include sex hormones,
hormones. such as testosterone and the estrogens, and secretion of the adrenal cortex,
including aldosterone and cortisol
9. Describe tropic a hormone that stimulates an endocrine gland to grow and secrete it's hormones.
hormones
10. Describe normal Blood is about 8% of body weight. Adult blood volume is about 5 L. RBC
blood: number of count is usually 4,600,000-6,200,000 in males, 4,200,000-5,400,000 in females.
each cell type, WBC are usually 5,000-10,000 per cubic mm of blood. Platelets are usually
pH. 130,000-360,000 per cubic mm of blood. Normal blood pH is around 7.4.
11. How does the Rh o Rh positive - presence of antigen D or other Rh antigens on the RBC mem-
factor affect a branes.
developing fetus o Rh negative - lack of these antigens
and its mother? § If a mother is Rh negative and her baby is Rh positive, her antibodies form to
fight Rh-positive blood cells. If a mother is Rh positive and her baby is Rh positive,
her antibodies attack the baby's RBC. Complications can lead the baby to develop
erythroblastosis fetalis or hemolytic disease
12. What antigens o Antigens: A, B, AB, or none.
can be found o Antibodies: A, B, AB, or none.
on RBC? What o Antibodies are associated with some blood types; in general, a person produces
antibodies can antibodies against antigens that are not present on his/her RBC membranes. The
be found in antigens expressed on the red blood cell determine an individual's blood group.
, APHY 102 FINAL- IVY TECH SUMMER 2021
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_a0thxd
the plasma? How
do these create
different blood
types?
13. Describe the dif- o Neutrophils - most numerous, 54-62% of WBCs, first to arrive to fight infections,
ferent leuko- elevated in bacterial infections, multi-lobed nucleus.
cytes and their o Eosinophils - deep red granules in acid stain, bi-lobed nucleus, fight allergic
origins. reactions and against parasitic worm infestations, 1-3% of WBCs.
o Basophils - Deep blue granules in basic stain, release histamine and heparin,
<1% of WBCs.
o Monocytes - largest of all blood cells, kidney- or oval-shaped nuclei, become
macrophages, 3-9% of WBCs, phagocytize bacteria, dead cells, and other debris.
o Lymphocytes - slightly larger than RBCs, large spherical nucleus surrounded by
a thin rim of cytoplasm, T and B cells, B cells produce antibodies, 25-33% of WBCs.
14. Compare the o Form mostly in red bone marrow, and are called "formed elements":
formed elements § Red blood cells (R B C s): Red blood cells (erythrocytes). These carry oxygen from
of the blood. the lungs to the rest of the body
§ White blood cells (W B C s): (leukocytes). These helps fight infections and aid in
the immune process. Types of white blood cells include: Lymphocytes, Monocytes,
Eosinophils, Basophils, Neutrophil
§ Platelets (thrombocytes): Cell Fragments; These help in blood clotting
15. Describe the Hemostasis - the stoppage of bleeding.
steps in clot for- 1. Blood vessel spasm - smooth muscle in blood vessel contracts
mation. 2. Platelet plug formation:
a. break in vessel wall
b. blood escapes through break
c. platelets adhere to each other, to end of broken vessel, and to exposed collagen
d. platelet plug helps control blood loss
3. Blood coagulation - clot forms (occurs extrinsically or intrinsically).
, APHY 102 FINAL- IVY TECH SUMMER 2021
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_a0thxd
16. What blood types
can give/receive
to/from other
blood types?
17. What are nor- In a centrifuged blood sample:
mal levels and • 55% is plasma.
percentages of • 45% is RBCs.
RBC, WBC and • WBCs and platelets are <1%.
platelets?
18. Compare serum o Serum: water fluid from blood without the clotting factors. And, this is the liquid
versus plasma. that remains after the blood has clotted
o Plasma: blood fluid that contains blood clotting agents. And, this is the liquid
that remains when clotting is prevented
19. What is hemat- the ratio of the volume of red blood cells to the total volume of blood
ocrit?
20. How is the ANS o Sympathetic branches of the ANS innervate smooth muscle in artery and arte-
used to regulate riole walls (and can constrict or dilate). Changes in the diameters of arteries and
blood pressure? arterioles greatly influence blood flow and blood pressure.
21. What are the o The four major functions of the cardiovascular system are:
functions of 1. To transport nutrients, gases and waste products around the body
the cardiovascu- 2. To protect the body from infection and blood loss
lar system? 3. To help the body maintain a constant body temperature
4. To help maintain fluid balance within the body
22. What factors o Heart rate: Cholesterol, Resting heart rate, Cardiorespiratory fitness, Blood
can influence pressure, Blood glucose level, Waist circumference, Heart rhythm, Family history.
heart rate and/or o Blood Pressure: Cardiac output, Peripheral vascular resistance, Volume of circu-
blood pressure? lating blood, Viscosity of blood, Elasticity of vessels walls
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_a0thxd
1. What regulates The pituitary gland is directly connected to the hypothalamus. Secretion from
pituitary gland the 2 lobes of the pituitary gland is controlled by different methods by the
secretion? hypothalamus
2. What is a hor- Hormones are chemical messengers that are responsible for regulation. They are
mone and how secreted into body fluids, mainly blood. It has specific actions on target tissues,
does it act? which are any tissue that has specific receptors for that particular hormone.
3. Compare and o Insulin helps the cells absorb glucose, reducing blood sugar and providing the
contrast cells with glucose for energy. When blood sugar levels are too low, the pancreas
glucagon and releases glucagon.
insulin. o Glucagon instructs the liver to release stored glucose, which causes blood sugar
to rise.
• Both work to keep blood glucose concentration constant, but glucagon breaks
down glycogen into glucose and insulin forms glycogen from glucose.
4. How are o Hormones are both produced and act inside the body of an organism whereas,
pheromones dif- o pheromones are produced interiorly, but function outside the body. Hormone
ferent than hor- changes the interior of the body and finally causes to have behavioral alterations,
mones? whereas pheromones are capable of directly changing the social behaviors of
others. Hormones are present in both animals and plants, but pheromones are
present in animals only
5. How is inhibin One of two hormones (designated inhibin-A and inhibin-B) secreted by the
used in the body? gonads (by Sertoli cells in the male and the granulosa cells in the female) and
that inhibit the production of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) by the pituitary
gland.
6. Differentiate be- o Paracrine - hormones enter the interstitial fluid but affect only neighboring
tween paracrine, cells.
autocrine, en- o Autocrine - hormones affect only the secreting cell.
docrine, and ex- o Endocrine - hormones are secreted from the interstitial fluid into the blood-
ocrine glands.
, APHY 102 FINAL- IVY TECH SUMMER 2021
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_a0thxd
stream and act on target cells.
o Exocrine - secretions enter tubes or ducts that lead to body surfaces.
7. How is diabetes o Diabetes mellitus is characterized by high levels of sugar in the blood while
insipidus differ- o diabetes insipidus is a disease where kidneys are unable to conserve water
ent than diabetes
mellitus?
8. Describe steroid All steroid hormones are derived from cholesterol. These include sex hormones,
hormones. such as testosterone and the estrogens, and secretion of the adrenal cortex,
including aldosterone and cortisol
9. Describe tropic a hormone that stimulates an endocrine gland to grow and secrete it's hormones.
hormones
10. Describe normal Blood is about 8% of body weight. Adult blood volume is about 5 L. RBC
blood: number of count is usually 4,600,000-6,200,000 in males, 4,200,000-5,400,000 in females.
each cell type, WBC are usually 5,000-10,000 per cubic mm of blood. Platelets are usually
pH. 130,000-360,000 per cubic mm of blood. Normal blood pH is around 7.4.
11. How does the Rh o Rh positive - presence of antigen D or other Rh antigens on the RBC mem-
factor affect a branes.
developing fetus o Rh negative - lack of these antigens
and its mother? § If a mother is Rh negative and her baby is Rh positive, her antibodies form to
fight Rh-positive blood cells. If a mother is Rh positive and her baby is Rh positive,
her antibodies attack the baby's RBC. Complications can lead the baby to develop
erythroblastosis fetalis or hemolytic disease
12. What antigens o Antigens: A, B, AB, or none.
can be found o Antibodies: A, B, AB, or none.
on RBC? What o Antibodies are associated with some blood types; in general, a person produces
antibodies can antibodies against antigens that are not present on his/her RBC membranes. The
be found in antigens expressed on the red blood cell determine an individual's blood group.
, APHY 102 FINAL- IVY TECH SUMMER 2021
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_a0thxd
the plasma? How
do these create
different blood
types?
13. Describe the dif- o Neutrophils - most numerous, 54-62% of WBCs, first to arrive to fight infections,
ferent leuko- elevated in bacterial infections, multi-lobed nucleus.
cytes and their o Eosinophils - deep red granules in acid stain, bi-lobed nucleus, fight allergic
origins. reactions and against parasitic worm infestations, 1-3% of WBCs.
o Basophils - Deep blue granules in basic stain, release histamine and heparin,
<1% of WBCs.
o Monocytes - largest of all blood cells, kidney- or oval-shaped nuclei, become
macrophages, 3-9% of WBCs, phagocytize bacteria, dead cells, and other debris.
o Lymphocytes - slightly larger than RBCs, large spherical nucleus surrounded by
a thin rim of cytoplasm, T and B cells, B cells produce antibodies, 25-33% of WBCs.
14. Compare the o Form mostly in red bone marrow, and are called "formed elements":
formed elements § Red blood cells (R B C s): Red blood cells (erythrocytes). These carry oxygen from
of the blood. the lungs to the rest of the body
§ White blood cells (W B C s): (leukocytes). These helps fight infections and aid in
the immune process. Types of white blood cells include: Lymphocytes, Monocytes,
Eosinophils, Basophils, Neutrophil
§ Platelets (thrombocytes): Cell Fragments; These help in blood clotting
15. Describe the Hemostasis - the stoppage of bleeding.
steps in clot for- 1. Blood vessel spasm - smooth muscle in blood vessel contracts
mation. 2. Platelet plug formation:
a. break in vessel wall
b. blood escapes through break
c. platelets adhere to each other, to end of broken vessel, and to exposed collagen
d. platelet plug helps control blood loss
3. Blood coagulation - clot forms (occurs extrinsically or intrinsically).
, APHY 102 FINAL- IVY TECH SUMMER 2021
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_a0thxd
16. What blood types
can give/receive
to/from other
blood types?
17. What are nor- In a centrifuged blood sample:
mal levels and • 55% is plasma.
percentages of • 45% is RBCs.
RBC, WBC and • WBCs and platelets are <1%.
platelets?
18. Compare serum o Serum: water fluid from blood without the clotting factors. And, this is the liquid
versus plasma. that remains after the blood has clotted
o Plasma: blood fluid that contains blood clotting agents. And, this is the liquid
that remains when clotting is prevented
19. What is hemat- the ratio of the volume of red blood cells to the total volume of blood
ocrit?
20. How is the ANS o Sympathetic branches of the ANS innervate smooth muscle in artery and arte-
used to regulate riole walls (and can constrict or dilate). Changes in the diameters of arteries and
blood pressure? arterioles greatly influence blood flow and blood pressure.
21. What are the o The four major functions of the cardiovascular system are:
functions of 1. To transport nutrients, gases and waste products around the body
the cardiovascu- 2. To protect the body from infection and blood loss
lar system? 3. To help the body maintain a constant body temperature
4. To help maintain fluid balance within the body
22. What factors o Heart rate: Cholesterol, Resting heart rate, Cardiorespiratory fitness, Blood
can influence pressure, Blood glucose level, Waist circumference, Heart rhythm, Family history.
heart rate and/or o Blood Pressure: Cardiac output, Peripheral vascular resistance, Volume of circu-
blood pressure? lating blood, Viscosity of blood, Elasticity of vessels walls
