CVT 1205C FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS ANSWERED CORRECTLY LATEST UPDATE 2026
parasympathetic neurotransmitter and receptor - Answers Acetylcholine (ACh), muscarinic
parasympathetic receptors - Answers muscarinic and nicotinic
Muscarinic Receptors - Answers Activated by acetylcholine via the vagus nerveparasympathetic
(rest/digest) regulation of the heart
-In heart: reduces heart rate and force of atrial contraction
Nicotinic Receptors - Answers Found at the ganglion where pre- and postganglionic neurons connect;
they pass the signal along quickly.
Sympathetic neuroreceptors found in the heart - Answers Beta 1 adrenergic receptors
-increase contractility, rate and conduction velocity
epinephrine and norepinephrine - Answers catecholamines
"flight or fight"
aid body during stress by raising heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration
Epinephrine - Answers Neurotransmitter secreted by the adrenal medulla in response to stress. Also
known as adrenaline.
Norepinephrine - Answers Functions as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system and a
hormone in the sympathetic nervous system to regulate the "fight-or-flight" response.
Define inotropic - Answers -affects contractility
Define chronotropic - Answers -affects heart rate by influencing the SA node
Define dromotropic - Answers -affects the rate of conduction through the AV node
How is asystole treated - Answers *epinephrine asap, CPR. non shockable rhythm
Steps of RAAS system - Answers 1. kidneys detect low blood pressure or low fluid levels, renin is
released
2. Renin meets up with angiotensinogen (made by the liver) and converts it into angiotensin I.
3. ACE( from lungs) converts angiotensin I into
angiotensin II.
4. Angiotensin II acts rapidly in two main ways to raise your blood pressure:
-constricts blood vessels
-releases aldosterone: It tells the adrenal glands to release aldosterone. aldosterone tells kidneys to
retain sodium and water and increase blood volume
Function of renin - Answers -secreted by juxtaglomerular cells of the kidneys and converts
angiotensinogen into angiotensin I
-it raises blood pressure by influencing vasoconstriction (narrowing of blood vessels)
Function of aldosterone - Answers renal absorption of sodium & excretion of potassium
Function of angiotensinogen - Answers *Increases blood pressure by causing vasoconstriction and
decreasing urine output; stimulates thirst center
-converted to angiotensin I by renin, produced by the liver
function of angiotensin I - Answers -assists in vasoconstriction
-inactive precursor converted to angiotensin II by ACE
function of angiotensin II - Answers -CAUSES VASOCONSTRICTION
-STIMULATES RELEASE OF ALDOSTERONE AND ADH
• INCREASES THIRST
• INCREASES SODIUM CRAVING
• CAUSES RENAL TUBULI TO RETAIN SODIUM AND WATER
Where does ACE come from? - Answers LUNGS, LIVER AND ENDOTHELIAL LINING
What does ACE do? - Answers converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II
Beta blockers mechanism of action - Answers -Block B1 receptors in cardiac muscle
-prevents epinephrine and norepinephrine from binding to receptors
-Inhibition of SA node/ AV node
-Shortens myosin and actin interaction
-Switches myocardial metabolism from fatty acids to glucose
Beta blockers uses - Answers Lower BP, Angina, Heart failure, Dysrhythmias
-ANGINA PECTORIS
-ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROMES
parasympathetic neurotransmitter and receptor - Answers Acetylcholine (ACh), muscarinic
parasympathetic receptors - Answers muscarinic and nicotinic
Muscarinic Receptors - Answers Activated by acetylcholine via the vagus nerveparasympathetic
(rest/digest) regulation of the heart
-In heart: reduces heart rate and force of atrial contraction
Nicotinic Receptors - Answers Found at the ganglion where pre- and postganglionic neurons connect;
they pass the signal along quickly.
Sympathetic neuroreceptors found in the heart - Answers Beta 1 adrenergic receptors
-increase contractility, rate and conduction velocity
epinephrine and norepinephrine - Answers catecholamines
"flight or fight"
aid body during stress by raising heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration
Epinephrine - Answers Neurotransmitter secreted by the adrenal medulla in response to stress. Also
known as adrenaline.
Norepinephrine - Answers Functions as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system and a
hormone in the sympathetic nervous system to regulate the "fight-or-flight" response.
Define inotropic - Answers -affects contractility
Define chronotropic - Answers -affects heart rate by influencing the SA node
Define dromotropic - Answers -affects the rate of conduction through the AV node
How is asystole treated - Answers *epinephrine asap, CPR. non shockable rhythm
Steps of RAAS system - Answers 1. kidneys detect low blood pressure or low fluid levels, renin is
released
2. Renin meets up with angiotensinogen (made by the liver) and converts it into angiotensin I.
3. ACE( from lungs) converts angiotensin I into
angiotensin II.
4. Angiotensin II acts rapidly in two main ways to raise your blood pressure:
-constricts blood vessels
-releases aldosterone: It tells the adrenal glands to release aldosterone. aldosterone tells kidneys to
retain sodium and water and increase blood volume
Function of renin - Answers -secreted by juxtaglomerular cells of the kidneys and converts
angiotensinogen into angiotensin I
-it raises blood pressure by influencing vasoconstriction (narrowing of blood vessels)
Function of aldosterone - Answers renal absorption of sodium & excretion of potassium
Function of angiotensinogen - Answers *Increases blood pressure by causing vasoconstriction and
decreasing urine output; stimulates thirst center
-converted to angiotensin I by renin, produced by the liver
function of angiotensin I - Answers -assists in vasoconstriction
-inactive precursor converted to angiotensin II by ACE
function of angiotensin II - Answers -CAUSES VASOCONSTRICTION
-STIMULATES RELEASE OF ALDOSTERONE AND ADH
• INCREASES THIRST
• INCREASES SODIUM CRAVING
• CAUSES RENAL TUBULI TO RETAIN SODIUM AND WATER
Where does ACE come from? - Answers LUNGS, LIVER AND ENDOTHELIAL LINING
What does ACE do? - Answers converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II
Beta blockers mechanism of action - Answers -Block B1 receptors in cardiac muscle
-prevents epinephrine and norepinephrine from binding to receptors
-Inhibition of SA node/ AV node
-Shortens myosin and actin interaction
-Switches myocardial metabolism from fatty acids to glucose
Beta blockers uses - Answers Lower BP, Angina, Heart failure, Dysrhythmias
-ANGINA PECTORIS
-ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROMES
