CVT 105 EXAM QUESTIONS ANSWERED CORRECTLY LATEST UPDATE 2026
Which pulmonary vein is easiest to visualize demonstrating inflow into the left atrium? - Answers
right superior
An incidental finding of a small amounts of regurgitation in the MV, TV, PV and of no clinical
significance is called? - Answers physiologic valvular regurgitation
The normal spatial pattern of LV inflow is directed along which left ventricular wall? - Answers lateral
Why does color Doppler aliasing frequently occur when imaging the LV outflow in a 4CH or apical long
axis approach? - Answers flow exceeds the Nyquist limit
Explain why normal antegrade flow in the aortic arch will be seen as both red and blue with color
Doppler. - Answers red means towards the transducer, blue means away from the transducer
Which TTE will demonstrate SVC filling into the right atrium? - Answers suprasternal notch
What is the velocity of the pulmonary veins in systole and diastole? - Answers low in velocity about
0.5 m/s in both systole and diastole
Where is the sample volume placed to obtain LV inflow recording? - Answers mitral leaflet tips
What does the E-wave reflect on the mitral valve spectral Doppler waveform? - Answers early
diastolic filling
What does the A- wave represent on the MV spectral Doppler waveform? - Answers atrial
contraction, late diastolic filling
What happens to the E to A ratio as a person ages? - Answers Gradual reduction in E velocity,
prolongation in the rate of early diastolic deceleration. Increase in A velocity occurs. Ratio changes
from >1 in young individuals to about 1 at 50 to 60 years of age
Which view is best used to obtain the RVOT and pulmonary artery velocities? - Answers parasternal
short axis or RV outflow view
What two view will provide a parallel intercept angle to obtain a velocity reading for the left
ventricular outflow? - Answers apical or suprasternal notch
When the intercept angle is incorrect how will it affect the velocity measurement? - Answers Velocity
measurement is underestimated
What is the vena contracta? - Answers Narrow flow stream through the orifice
What happens to blood flow when there is a significant area of narrowing? - Answers Flow velocity
increases in relation to the degree of narrowing; the narrower the opening, the faster the velocity for
a given volume flow rate.
If all the parallel stream lines in a laminar flow pattern have the same velocity, then what is the flow
velocity profile? - Answers flat
If velocity is higher in the center of the vessel and lower at the walls of the vessel, the flow profile is
termed? - Answers Curved, usually parabolic
What is the more common flow profile in intracardiac flow profiles? - Answers Relatively flat flow
velocity profile
What does the Reynolds number describe? - Answers Help predict fluid flow patterns. 2000-2500 is
disturbed
What are the variables that affect the Reynolds number? - Answers Re=(Vdp)/Y
What is the relationship between the Reynolds number and blood viscosity? - Answers Reynolds
number is directly related to blood flow velocity, lumen diameter, and blood density and inversely
related to viscosity
What will happen if an m-mode recording is not perpendicular to the area being interrogated? -
Answers measurements will be overestimated
How is the actual measuring of the septum and posterior wall described when measuring the LV in
systole and diastole with m-mode? - Answers Posterior wall endocardium is identified as the
continuous line with the steepest upslope in early systole. Endocardium of the septum is identified as
a continuous line with systolic inward motion.
An increased E-point septal separation my indicate what different conditions? - Answers LV dilations,
systolic dysfunction, or aortic regurgitation
What is a significant challenge of performing m-mode measurements? - Answers Being perpendicular
Why is the resolution of an m-mode tracing superior to 2D image measuring? - Answers Sampling
rate is 1800 frames per second rather than 30-60 frames per second used with 2D and 3D
Which pulmonary vein is easiest to visualize demonstrating inflow into the left atrium? - Answers
right superior
An incidental finding of a small amounts of regurgitation in the MV, TV, PV and of no clinical
significance is called? - Answers physiologic valvular regurgitation
The normal spatial pattern of LV inflow is directed along which left ventricular wall? - Answers lateral
Why does color Doppler aliasing frequently occur when imaging the LV outflow in a 4CH or apical long
axis approach? - Answers flow exceeds the Nyquist limit
Explain why normal antegrade flow in the aortic arch will be seen as both red and blue with color
Doppler. - Answers red means towards the transducer, blue means away from the transducer
Which TTE will demonstrate SVC filling into the right atrium? - Answers suprasternal notch
What is the velocity of the pulmonary veins in systole and diastole? - Answers low in velocity about
0.5 m/s in both systole and diastole
Where is the sample volume placed to obtain LV inflow recording? - Answers mitral leaflet tips
What does the E-wave reflect on the mitral valve spectral Doppler waveform? - Answers early
diastolic filling
What does the A- wave represent on the MV spectral Doppler waveform? - Answers atrial
contraction, late diastolic filling
What happens to the E to A ratio as a person ages? - Answers Gradual reduction in E velocity,
prolongation in the rate of early diastolic deceleration. Increase in A velocity occurs. Ratio changes
from >1 in young individuals to about 1 at 50 to 60 years of age
Which view is best used to obtain the RVOT and pulmonary artery velocities? - Answers parasternal
short axis or RV outflow view
What two view will provide a parallel intercept angle to obtain a velocity reading for the left
ventricular outflow? - Answers apical or suprasternal notch
When the intercept angle is incorrect how will it affect the velocity measurement? - Answers Velocity
measurement is underestimated
What is the vena contracta? - Answers Narrow flow stream through the orifice
What happens to blood flow when there is a significant area of narrowing? - Answers Flow velocity
increases in relation to the degree of narrowing; the narrower the opening, the faster the velocity for
a given volume flow rate.
If all the parallel stream lines in a laminar flow pattern have the same velocity, then what is the flow
velocity profile? - Answers flat
If velocity is higher in the center of the vessel and lower at the walls of the vessel, the flow profile is
termed? - Answers Curved, usually parabolic
What is the more common flow profile in intracardiac flow profiles? - Answers Relatively flat flow
velocity profile
What does the Reynolds number describe? - Answers Help predict fluid flow patterns. 2000-2500 is
disturbed
What are the variables that affect the Reynolds number? - Answers Re=(Vdp)/Y
What is the relationship between the Reynolds number and blood viscosity? - Answers Reynolds
number is directly related to blood flow velocity, lumen diameter, and blood density and inversely
related to viscosity
What will happen if an m-mode recording is not perpendicular to the area being interrogated? -
Answers measurements will be overestimated
How is the actual measuring of the septum and posterior wall described when measuring the LV in
systole and diastole with m-mode? - Answers Posterior wall endocardium is identified as the
continuous line with the steepest upslope in early systole. Endocardium of the septum is identified as
a continuous line with systolic inward motion.
An increased E-point septal separation my indicate what different conditions? - Answers LV dilations,
systolic dysfunction, or aortic regurgitation
What is a significant challenge of performing m-mode measurements? - Answers Being perpendicular
Why is the resolution of an m-mode tracing superior to 2D image measuring? - Answers Sampling
rate is 1800 frames per second rather than 30-60 frames per second used with 2D and 3D
